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Role of the United States Postal Service in the Age of COVID-19
From the Document: "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed many victims and is threatening to claim another one--the United States Postal Service (USPS). In May 2020, a statement from the USPS said that the its main source of revenue--letter-mail volume--had dropped dramatically as businesses cut back on sending advertisements and bulk mail and that it will exhaust its cash on hand by the end of September. Unlike other federal agencies, the USPS does not receive tax dollars for its operating expenses; instead, it relies on postage and product sales and services. Given these dire circumstances, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a $3 trillion coronavirus relief package on May 15 that included relief funds for the USPS, although the Senate is unlikely to consider the bill. However, this is not the first time the USPS has needed federal relief, and this request is being debated in Congress in light of whether we need the USPS at all, given the other private delivery services that are now available."
RAND Corporation
Pollard, Michael S.; Davis, Lois M.
2020
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Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Progress Report, 1 January - 30 June 2020
From the Introduction: "The Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework is an innovative public health instrument that brings together Member States, industry, other stakeholders and WHO [World Health Organization] to implement a global approach to pandemic influenza preparedness and response. The key goals include: to improve and strengthen the sharing of influenza viruses with human pandemic potential through the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), and to increase the access of developing countries to vaccines and other pandemic response supplies."
World Health Organization
2020
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WHO Guidance for Climate Resilient and Environmentally Sustainable Health Care Facilities
From the Executive Summary; "The aim of this guidance is to enhance the capacity of health care facilities to protect and improve the health of their target communities in an unstable and changing climate; and to empower health care facilities to be environmentally sustainable, by optimizing the use of resources and minimizing the release of waste into the environment. Climate resilient and environmentally sustainable health care facilities contribute to high quality of care and accessibility of services, and by helping reduce facility costs also ensure better affordability. They are, therefore, an important component of universal health coverage (UHC)."
World Health Organization
2020
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What COVID-19 Means for City Finances
From the Document: "City governments across the nation provide essential services that keep our economy and neighborhoods strong. From sanitation services, water utilities and public health to affordable housing, summer youth programming and public safety, these are the services that make our communities work. As the coronavirus spiraled into a global public health and economic crisis, local leaders and municipal workers were and continue to be on the frontlines of minimizing the spread and preparing to reopen, while minimizing the financial burden of mass unemployment and industry shutdowns on residents and businesses. [...] This report profiles city budgets and details how the pandemic-induced economic downturn is affecting cities nationwide."
National League of Cities
Yadavalli, Anita; McFarland, Christiana K.; Wagner, Spencer
2020
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City Fiscal Conditions 2020
From the Introduction: "Now in its 35th year, the City Fiscal Conditions survey of 485 cities reveals the breadth and depth of challenges facing city budgets, including: [1] Nearly 90 percent of cities will be less able in FY 2021 than in FY 2020 to meet the fiscal needs of their communities. This widespread sentiment about lack of fiscal capacity has not been reported since the low point of the Great Recession; [2] Current estimates for FY 2020 put year-over-year general fund revenue growth at near zero; [3] All major local tax revenue sources slowed in FY 2020, with severe year-over-year declines in sales (-11%) and income tax (-3.4%) receipts; and [4] On average, cities anticipate a 13 percent decline in FY 2021 general fund revenues over FY 2020."
National League of Cities
McFarland, Christiana K.; Pagano, Michael A.
2020
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Returning to a Healthy Environment
From the Document: "Beginning with the initial guidance from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) as well as subsequent and emerging recommendations, University personnel voraciously consumed the best available information to guide planning for the return of students, staff, and faculty during the omnipresent COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 19] pandemic. A broad cross-section of the Institution's constituencies participated in the process of analyzing, imagining, and projecting what could be done and should be done to minimize risks and maximize the well-being of persons who work and study at Allen University. From this process, a standing Environmental COVID-19 Committee was empaneled and will continue to update and make recommendations as circumstances warrant and guidance from CDC and DHEC continues to evolve."
Allen University
2020
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COVID-19 Local Response Initiative: Insights and Guidance from 11 Sessions on Crisis Leadership
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis presented city leaders with the challenge to act under conditions of high uncertainty and high pressure. The lives and livelihoods of residents were at stake, and there was no complete, accurate information available, no playbook with the right answers, and no guidance on how to navigate the situation in the context of each particular city. City leaders had to learn in real time how to respond to the crisis. The Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative facilitated this process of fast learning by offering 11 weekly sessions and information services tailored to their needs. [...] Each week, faculty and staff at the Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative worked with professors from the Harvard Kennedy School and the Harvard Business School to plan a lesson focusing on a particular aspect of crisis leadership: from problem-solving processes and communications to collaboration, fiscal management, and supporting mental health. After each session, a summary of key takeaways went out via email to participants. These documents are compiled here for easy reference."
Bloomberg Harvard City Leadership Initiative
2020
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Estimating the Impact of COVID-19 on Corporate Default Risk
From the Description: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] global pandemic has resulted in a fast-moving health crisis with significant uncertainty. Policy makers have responded by imposing social distancing policies (non-pharmaceutical interventions) which close schools, bars, and restaurants, close non-essential business, restrict movement, and impose quarantines. Under the weight of significant business interruptions, reductions in both supply and demand, and supply chain disruptions the health crisis has given way to deep economic contraction. The confluence of sharp economic losses and historic levels of corporate debt risk producing a financial crisis on top of the health crisis. We build on the work of Vardavas et al. (2020) and Strong and Welburn (2020), who estimate the health and economic impacts of COVID-19 under a set of social distancing scenarios, to estimate the potential for firm exits. We use a structural model of financial distress based on Merton's distance to default to estimate the likelihood of firm defaults conditional on losses in aggregate income. Using the Vardavas et al. (2020) set of scenarios and estimations of reduced income, we estimate average firm default probabilities over a large set of US listed firms. We find that the crisis coincides with exceptional risk of corporate default. Under modest levels of social distancing and economic losses, we estimate high levels of average corporate default risk. As social distancing measures and economic contractions persist, levels of corporate default risk exceed those of the 2008 financial crisis. Under the harshest scenarios of prolonged strict interventions, we estimate exceptional levels of corporate default risk ranging from to double to triple those witness during the 2008 financial crisis. While unmodeled, recent credit market interventions may thwart the worst of the default risk scenarios that we estimate by extending credit access to firms on the brink of insolvency."
RAND Corporation
Welburn, Jonathan William; Strong, Aaron
2020
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Health and Economic Impacts of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions to Address COVID-19
From the Document: "With the rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and in the absence of evidence-informed guidance, state and local policymakers have had to put policies in place quickly and with little evidence to support their choices or little consideration of the potentially serious trade-offs. Thus, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive and systematic assessment of potential public health interventions to address COVID-19 and when to relax them. This document describes the interdisciplinary and multisectoral approach RAND researchers used to develop the COVID-19 Decision Support Tool, which is designed to fill that need."
RAND Corporation
Vardavas, Raffaele; Strong, Aaron; Bouey, Jennifer . . .
2020
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CTAA Recommended COVID-19 Safety Protocols
From the Document: "The following set of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] safety protocols has been developed for CTAA [Community Transportation Association of America] members by collecting -- in a single place -- all of the guidance from a variety of federal agencies. Where no (or limited) actual guidance is available, we've collected the best practical advice from public and community transportation operators in the field. As it has been since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, CTAA's overriding recommendation to its members is to err on the side of safety (of both transit staff and the riding public) in all decision making."
Community Transportation Association of America
2020?
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European Public Opinion on China in the Age of COVID-19: Differences and Common Ground Across the Continent
From the Summary: "[1] This report is a result of a wide-scale 'study of public opinion in 13 European countries' on China conducted in September and October 2020, on a research sample (n = 19 673) representative with respect to gender, age, level of education, country region, and settlement density. [2] Overall, 'views of China in the surveyed countries are predominantly negative', with respondents in 10 out of 13 countries reporting significantly more negative than positive views. Populations in 'Western and Northern Europe' tend to have the most negative views, 'Eastern Europe' holds positive views, and 'Southern and Central Europe' find themselves in between, while still being predominantly negative."
Central European Institute of Asian Studies; Sinofon; Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci
Turcsanyi, Richard Q.; Šimalčík, Matej; Kironska, Kristina . . .
2020
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Consular Affairs and the COVID-19 Crisis: Assessing the State Department's Response to the Pandemic, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session, July 21, 2020
This is the July 21, 2020 hearing on "Consular Affairs and the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Crisis: Assessing the State Department's Response to the Pandemic," held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Joaquin Castro: "The COVID-19 pandemic has upended our lives in ways
it seemed unimaginable just a few months ago. [...] The U.S. Department of State faced many challenges during the pandemic. The U.S. Government certainly has a long history of repatriating citizens, but never before had so many Americans in so many different countries and regions needed to be repatriated at the same time." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Ian Brownlee and Karin King.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020
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Impact of COVID-19 on Voting Rights and Election Administration: Ensuring Safe and Fair Elections, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Elections Committee on House Administration, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session, June 11, 2020
This is the June 11, 2020 hearing on "The Impact of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] on Voting Rights and Election Administration: Ensuring Safe and Fair Elections," held before the House Subcommittee on Elections Committee on House Administration. From the opening statement of Marcia L. Fudge: "Today we will examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on election administration and voters' ability to freely and safely access the ballot. It has become clear that access to the ballot in November is in jeopardy if we do not make substantial investments in our election infrastructure and remove the longstanding barriers that continue to keep far too many from exercising their right to vote." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Kristen Clarke, Sherrilyn Ifill, Lawrence Norden, Mark Dimondstein, Kyle Ardoin, and John H. Merrill.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020
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COVID-19 and U.S. International Pandemic Preparedness, Prevention, and Response, Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Second Session, June 18 and June 30, 2020
These are the June 18 and June 30, 2020 hearings on "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and U.S. International Pandemic Preparedness, Prevention, and Response," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. From the opening statement of James E. Risch: "Today, we are going to discuss the international response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as future pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response. [...] It is essential that we respond now to help our partners who are not yet experiencing significant spread to get testing, tracing, and quarantine procedures in place, and to help our partners who already are under siege avert a worst-case scenario. We also need to focus on protecting access to food, livelihoods, water, sanitation, and hygiene. Protecting existing investments in immunizations, maternal and child health, and other infectious diseases are important at this time, also. [...] At the same time, we need to figure out how to get ahead of the next global pandemic. Indeed, that is what the focus of this hearing is going to be on." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Mark Dybul, Chris Milligan, Garrett Grigsby, Jimmy J. Kolker, Ashish K. Jha, and Jeremy Konyndyk.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020
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100 Days Later: Covid-19: Implications for Managing Terrorism and Asymmetric Threats
From the Background: "As part of our ongoing collaboration, the teams from START [National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism] and CHC Global have held a series of managed discussions to consider the potential impacts of Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] on terrorism and asymmetric threats. We have considered the implications for governments, businesses and individual citizens, with a focus on how terrorism risks might be evolving. It is likely that the current uncertainty is having a range of impacts on threat actors, but it is too early to determine any absolute truths regarding changes to the global terrorism risk profile. However, it is possible to look more broadly at what this event can tell us about how organizations might orient to risks which sit in the higher frequency - higher impact (the 'upper right') quadrant of the risk register - including some forms of terrorism. Since the first reported case outside China on January 13th, our views have been informed by validated open-source reporting. Just over 100 days later, this document summarizes the record of those discussions."
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (U.S.); CHC Global
2020?
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Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic to Address Climate Change [2020]
From the Document: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has dramatically revealed the difficulties society faces in dealing with extreme global events. As of July 24, 2020, in the United States alone, more than 4.1 million people have contracted the coronavirus and close to 150,000 have died from it. These numbers would have been much lower if public and private sector leaders had: [1] Recognized the cognitive biases that obstruct effective decision-making and action; [2] Heeded the advice of experts; [3] Designed a risk management strategy that addressed cognitive biases and took the concerns of experts into account We begin by examining why the United States did not use these strategies during the early stages of COVID-19 and why it imposed social distancing measures only after illness and death from the coronavirus ballooned in mid-March 2020. Using the lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic, we propose ways to implement a risk management strategy that would reduce the damage from climate change in the coming years by significantly reducing carbon emissions."
Management and Business Review
Kunreuther, Howard; Slovic, Paul, 1938-
2020
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Misinformation Mayhem: Social Media Platforms' Efforts to Combat Medical and Political Misinformation
From the Introduction: "Social media platforms today are playing an ever-expanding role in shaping the contours of today's information ecosystem. The events of recent months have driven home this development, as the platforms have shouldered the burden and attempted to rise to the challenge of ensuring that the public is informed - and not misinformed - about matters affecting our democratic institutions in the context of our elections, as well as about matters affecting our very health and lives in the context of the pandemic. This Article examines the extensive role recently assumed by social media platforms in the marketplace of ideas in the online sphere, with an emphasis on their efforts to combat medical misinformation in the context of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic as well as their efforts to combat false political speech in the 2020 election cycle. In the context of medical misinformation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, this Article analyzes the extensive measures undertaken by the major social media platforms to combat such misinformation. In the context of misinformation in the political sphere, this Article examines the distinctive problems brought about by the microtargeting of political speech and by false political ads on social media in recent years, and the measures undertaken by major social media companies to address such problems. In both contexts, this Article examines the extent to which such measures are compatible with First Amendment substantive and procedural values."
George Washington University. Law School
Nunziato, Dawn C.
2020
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COVID-19: A Frontline Guide for Local Decision-Makers
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is creating significant disruption to daily life in cities and communities around the world. This guide provides an initial strategic framework for local leaders as they begin planning what will need to be done to reduce the impact of the outbreak in the near term. The guide focuses both on slowing and suppressing the spread of the virus, and also on supporting community needs. This document is informed by existing guidance from U.S. and global authorities, public health research findings, and lessons observed from countries that have been battling COVID-19 since January 2020. It is intended to complement, but not supplant, advice and guidance from global, federal and local public health and other authorities."
COVID Local
Cameron, Elizabeth E.; Bell, Jessica A.; Eckles, Jacob H. . . .
2020?
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Fatal Attraction of a Post-COVID Green New Deal
From the Document: "Last year we were already talking about the threat of Net Zero to economic recovery post-Brexit, but that context has obviously changed. The Net Zero commitment cannot now be considered independently of the situation created by the restrictions imposed to address Covid-19, and measures to recover, not from the virus, but from those restrictions. So what has changed precisely? We are not now talking about whether Net Zero is wise for a more-or-less intact and expanding national economic system, one moving steadily further from thermodynamic equilibrium towards a state of greater complexity, an economy surrounded by other national systems, many of which were expanding at a greater rate, and could be called upon to support growth. That question has now been superseded. The answer, for the record, was that it was deeply unwise, and that it would have slowed the rate at which complexity increased, it would have consumed a good deal of the societal complexity accumulated since the medieval period, that there would have been genuine human hardship, but that public resistance would have set in, perhaps after some decades, and that a correction would and could have taken place, partly assisted by the fact that other national systems would not have been as seriously affected. [...] The question that now faces us is how attempts to deliver the Net Zero target will affect a national system that has been deliberately tipped into a state of deep contraction, surrounded by other national systems all similarly, though not quite equally, affected."
Global Warming Policy Foundation
Constable, John, 1963-
2020
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Secondary Infektion
From the Executive Summary: "'Secondary Infektion' is the name given to a long-running Russian information operation, encompassing multiple campaigns on social media run by a central entity, which was already active in 2014 and that was still running in early 2020. Secondary Infektion targeted countries across Europe and North America with fake stories and forged documents. Its focus and areas of interest were often of a diplomatic and foreign policy nature: it appeared primarily aimed at provoking tensions between Russia's perceived enemies, and its stories typically concerned relationships between governments and often specifically focused on government representatives. It is also notable for launching smear campaigns against Kremlin critics, and for targeting presidential candidates in 2016 in the U.S., in 2017 in France, in Germany, Sweden and elsewhere. This report is the first systematic examination of Secondary Infektion's campaigns. It reveals the most comprehensive picture yet of this actor's strategic objectives and tactical priorities across the years."
Graphika
Nimmo, Ben; François, Camille; Eib, C. Shawn . . .
2020
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Preemption and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring State Interference Before, During, & After the Crisis
From the Document: "Preemption is when a higher level of government removes or limits the authority of a lower level of government. The impact on people's well-being, health, and economic situation can be severe. During the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, for example, states preempted local governments from being able to enact mask mandates, meaning local leaders could not make mask-wearing mandatory in their local communities . At times, these states were not implementing any sort of mandate at the state level. Preemption is neither inherently good nor bad. Preemption can be used to set minimum standards or can be used in policy areas that should be left to the state. The misuse and abuse of preemption, however, represents state interference, where the higher level of government unnecessarily constrains the actions of local leaders. For instance, states implementing emergency orders during the pandemic to close businesses to prevent the spread of the virus across the state. [...] There are a few different types of preemption, including floor preemption as North Carolina used, and each has been used in the current crisis. These types of preemptions are laid out [in this report]."
National League of Cities
Wagner, Spencer; Rainwater, Brooks; Carter, Katherine
2020
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Analysis of the National Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Through the Lens of Medical Military Support Requirements
From the Introduction: "The aim of this Open Publication for Allied Command Transformation is to examine national responses, both civil and military, to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic and especially the coordination function between them. It will look at the strategic directions that nations have taken, including the NATO partner nations. It will also include the experiences and comparisons of the non-NATO nations of Russia, China, and Brazil as they present a differing strategic approach to NATO and western nations. The paper will support further analysis of current and future capabilities required of military medical services, especially how this pandemic compares to large scale warfighting operations. It will identify areas of similarity and differences within and between nations that could inform future conceptual and novel capability development. This will support future conceptual and capability development of military medical support for NATO."
NATO Allied Command Transformation
Bricknell, Martin; Homan, Zenobia; Gheorghe, Adrian . . .
2020
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Human Costs of Local Fiscal Crises During COVID-19
From the Introduction: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has dire implications for the vitality of US cities. While cities play a crucial role in the direct provision of essential services that will affect the health and economic security of millions of Americans, they are also ground zero for a deep fiscal crisis. A recent National League of Cities survey of 485 cities reveals that nearly 90 percent of cities will be less able in FY 2021 than in FY 2020 to meet their fiscal needs. In the immediate term, US state and local governments anticipate a budget shortfall of nearly $500 billion through the end of 2022. Revenue shortfalls in some cities could be as high as 20 percent in Fiscal Year 2021. Behind these numbers lay potentially devastating consequences for all citizens and communities alike. Looking back to the Great Recession (GR) of 2008-09, we identify some of the likely local impacts of the economic downturn in the absence of federal intervention. While often ignored in national coverage of the recession, they have left an indelible mark on US cities and, by extension, the overall economy."
National League of Cities
Reinecke, David; Rocco, Philip
2020
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COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: A New Tool Helps Analyze Commercial Air Travel Involving Infected Passengers
From the Webpage: "Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was first reported in Wuhan, China, have been confirmed in all 50 U.S. states. In this report--the first of several from a RAND Corporation team examining the role of commercial air travel in the COVID-19 pandemic--we quantify potential vectors of virus transmission to the United States as a result of commercial air travel. Understanding the COVID-19 propagation patterns, regionally and globally, will help policymakers mitigate the resulting threats to public health."
RAND Corporation
Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .
2020
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COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: African Anchor States Face Higher Risk of Importing COVID-19 Cases
From the Webpage: "In this report--one of several from a RAND Corporation team examining the role of commercial air travel in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic--we use our COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization (CAT-V) tool to quantify the potential vectors of transmission to countries in the U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) area of responsibility (AOR), which encompasses every country in Africa except Egypt. The tool combines COVID-19 case data from Johns Hopkins University with detailed air travel data from the International Air Transport Association."
RAND Corporation
Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .
2020
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COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: Worldwide Spread of COVID-19 Accelerated Starting on February 19, 2020
From the Webpage: "In this report--one of several from a RAND Corporation team examining the role of commercial air travel in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic--we use our COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization (CAT-V) tool to estimate when COVID-19 transmission via commercial air travel began to rapidly accelerate throughout the world. The tool combines daily COVID-19 case data from Johns Hopkins University with detailed air travel data, including travelers' country of origin and country of destination, from the International Air Transport Association (IATA)."
RAND Corporation
Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .
2020
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COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: COVID-19 Cases in China Were Likely 37 Times Higher Than Reported in January 2020
From the Key Finding: "Many people have raised concerns about the accuracy of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] data from China. In this report, we present strong evidence that China's reported COVID-19 caseload was undercounted by a factor of nearly 40. Based on officially reported cases in China in January 2020, the odds of the novel coronavirus appearing by January 22, 2020, in Japan, Thailand, South Korea, the United States, and Taiwan--as it did--would have been minuscule."
RAND Corporation
Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .
2020
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COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: Air Passenger Transmission Risk to GCC Countries Originated from Outside the Region
From the Key Finding: "Transmission risk resulting from air travel is often global rather than regional in nature. Although regional countries often have more connectivity with one another than with countries outside the region, the GCC [Gulf Cooperation Council] countries are highly connected globally. As a result, most of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] transmission risk for most GCC countries originated from air travelers outside the region, first from China and then from elsewhere."
RAND Corporation
Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .
2020
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COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: Decisionmakers Should Base Travel Restrictions on Infection Rates Per Capita and Air Traffic Levels
From the Key Finding: "Travel advisories from the U.S. Department of State and warnings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention focus primarily on the risk of travel to particular countries. Additional metrics could measure the risk of travel from particular countries with both high infection rates and high numbers of air travelers to the United States. Future assessments focused on these alternative metrics would allow U.S. authorities to reduce passenger air travel, or at least increase the screening of air passengers, from the highest-risk countries."
RAND Corporation
Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .
2020
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COVID-19 Air Traffic Visualization: By January 31, 2020, at Least 1.5 Daily Infected Passengers Were Originating in China
From the Key Finding: "By January 31, 2020, passengers from China were likely exporting at least 1.5 cases of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] globally per day. The eight countries most at risk of infection, based on our modeling, were Japan, Thailand, South Korea, the United States, Taiwan, Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia. These were also the eight countries with the most confirmed cases outside of China as of January 31, 2020."
RAND Corporation
Hanson, Russell; Mouton, Christopher A.; Grissom, Adam . . .
2020
