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National Plan to Enable Comprehensive COVID-19 Case Finding and Contact Tracing in the US
From the Executive Summary: "To manage COVID-19 [coronavirus disease] epidemics going forward, communities in the United States need: (1) ready access to rapid diagnostic tests for all symptomatic cases or those with a reasonable suspicion of COVID-19 exposure; (2) widespread serological testing to understand underlying rates of infection and identify those who have developed immunity and could potentially return to work or school without fear of becoming infected; and (3) the ability to trace all contacts of reported cases. In order to trace all contacts, safely isolate the sick, and quarantine those exposed, we estimate that our public health workforce needs to add approximately 100,000 (paid or volunteer) contact tracers to assist with this large-scale effort. This workforce could be strategically deployed to areas of greatest need and managed through state and local public health agencies that are on the front lines of COVID-19 response. To do this, we also estimate that Congress will need to appropriate approximately $3.6 billion in emergency funding to state and territorial health departments. This plan outlines a vision for how to accomplish this goal, including ways that case identification and contact tracing capabilities can be greatly expanded; actions that the federal, state, and local governments and other organizations must take to stand up these capabilities as quickly as possible; and resources that will be needed to accomplish comprehensive case finding and contact tracing."
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
Watson, Crystal R.; Cicero, Anita; Blumenstock, James S. . . .
2020?
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Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Social Services for Vulnerable Populations in Los Angeles: Lessons Learned from Community Providers
From the Preface: "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly disrupted the social safety net programs on which the most vulnerable Americans depend, including those both experiencing or at risk for homelessness and involved with the criminal justice system. In this report, we aim to understand the ways that social services providers serving these populations in Los Angeles County, California, have responded to COVID-19, and to compile lessons learned and innovative strategies. An understanding of the ways that providers have responded to COVID-19 has the potential to inform planning for future phases of the pandemic, both in Los Angeles and in other areas."
RAND Corporation
Holliday, Stephanie Brooks; Hunter, Sarah B.; Dopp, Alex R. . . .
2020
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What Are the Standards for Ensuring Respect for the Grieving, Funeral Rites, and Memorials of Those Who Died During the COVID-19 Pandemic?
From the Summary of Context: "At the end of September 23, 2020, COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has taken the lives of 530,000 people in the region of the Americas. The unprecedented global health emergency caused by the pandemic seriously impacts the full realization of human rights at both the collective and individual level. The death of a family member or a close friend during the pandemic is particularly difficult. Due to the risk of infection and the containment measures adopted in the framework of the pandemic, families and their loved ones may be prevented from accompanying their ill member in their last days of life. [...] The IACHR [Inter-American Commission on Human Rights] offers this practical guide along with a list of recommendations and considerations to provide guidance to States in the formulation and adjustment of public policies, as well as in the practices and decisions on the disposal of bodies, respect for the grieving family members of the deceased during the pandemic. The measures presented contribute to honoring and respecting the memory of the deceased."
Organization of American States; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
2020
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Helping Teens Manage COVID-19 Pandemic Challenges
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has resulted in stay-at-home orders, physical distancing, and other attempts to mitigate the spread of disease. While all Americans have been affected by the efforts to contain COVID-19, these effects have varied by age. Teens are at a stage in life in which they are trying to establish greater independence from their families and to strengthen social ties with friends. Though the COVID-19 public health crisis can complicate these developmental processes, it also provides opportunities for teens to learn new skills from adults in their families and communities. This fact sheet describes the effects of ongoing physical distancing on teen health and provides recommendations for adults to help teens during periods of physical isolation and as communities reopen."
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
2020?
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Pacific Police Department Continuity of Operations Plan for Pandemic Disease
From the Situation: "There have been five influenza pandemics over the last century. The 1918 influenza pandemic is thought to have been the most deadly pandemic in human history, with an estimated 50 to 100 million fatalities. The global and regional impacts of the 1918 pandemic remain unparalleled, causing long-term and widespread social and economic devastation, comparable only to a major world war. In the last twenty years we have seen the 2009 H1N1 (Swine) influenza pandemic, localized outbreaks of H7N9 (Avian) influenza, and several significant non-influenza infectious disease epidemics: SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome] coronavirus, MERS [Middle East respiratory syndrome] coronavirus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, the Zika virus, and in 2020 an outbreak of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. All of these outbreaks were produced by either a novel virus or appeared in regions without historical precedent. Research suggests that changes in climate, global transportation, agricultural practices, and continued deforestation may increase the prevalence, severity, and transmission of future infectious disease outbreaks. The outbreak of COVID-19 as this policy is written now represents the greatest pandemic threat and calls for urgent regional and global preparation and mitigation efforts. The true severity of the current and next pandemic remains largely unknown as virus' are in a constant state of mutation. This necessitates planning that is similarly able to adapt to dynamic disease characteristics and response demands. The following plan exemplifies this perspective by providing concise objectives, flexible response actions, and a clear delineation of responsibilities. Lessons from past pandemics were integral to the development of this plan, so that we are better able to respond to the infectious disease challenges of the future."
Pacific Police Department (Wash.)
2020
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COVID-19 and International Trade: Issues and Actions
From the Document: "In an unprecedented global health crisis, trade is essential to save lives and livelihoods; and international co-operation is needed to keep trade flowing. In the midst of significant uncertainty, there are four things we can do: 1) boost confidence in trade and global markets by improving transparency about trade-related policy actions and intentions; 2) keep supply chains flowing, especially for essentials such as health supplies and food; 3) avoid making things worse, through unnecessary export restrictions and other trade barriers; and 4) even in the midst of the crisis, think beyond the immediate. Government support today needs to be delivered in a way that ensures it serves the public interest, not vested interests, and avoids becoming tomorrow's market distortions. OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development] is working with other IOs [international organizations] to support governments through timely and objective evidence and analysis to inform policy choices."
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2020
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Coronavirus Special Edition: Back to School
From the Document: "The COVID 19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has disrupted education around the world. As the first shock passes, planning is taking place on two timescales: the short-term challenges in the return to school, and the challenges over the next 18-24 months as systems work to build resilience and adaptability for the future."
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2020
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Technical Brief on Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Wastewater Management to Prevent Infections and Reduce the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance
From the Introduction: "This technical brief provides information to inform water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and wastewater elements within multi-sectoral antimicrobial resistance (AMR) national action plans (NAPs). It includes a summary of evidence and the co-benefits rationale for action in each sector and presents a menu of actions for consideration and refinement in each country context. The technical brief also identifies sector specific policy options and additional information, including knowledge gaps and research needs, as well as additional technical resources to support planning and implementation. Where evidence is weak or lacking, actions proposed are cost-effective measures with wider co-benefits for health that plausibly contribute to combatting AMR."
World Health Organization; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Organisation for Animal Health
2020
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Tax Administration Responses to COVID-19: Business Continuity Considerations
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] emergency will affect the lives of many people around the globe. It will bring unique challenges to tax administrations in managing the many different elements involved in ensuring continuity of critical activities and the safety of staff and customers during the duration of the pandemic. This reference document provides an overview of business continuity measures that tax administrations may wish to consider in the context of the current pandemic. [...] The purpose of this document is to assist tax administrations in their own consideration of possible domestic measures. Although most administrations will already have well-developed business continuity plans these may need some adjustments given the nature of the current pandemic and wider government responses."
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Intra-European Organisation of Tax Administrations; Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations
2020
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More Than One-Third of West Africans Have No Handwashing Facility at Home
From the Document: "Handwashing is one of the top preventive measures recommended to reduce the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19). However, current levels of handwashing with soap are generally low across the region. Monitoring handwashing behaviour is difficult but the presence of soap and water at a designated place is generally used as a proxy indicator. According to UNICEF [United Nations Children's Fund] data from 2017, the majority of Sahelian and West African people did not have basic handwashing facilities available at home."
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2020
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Debunking Handbook 2020
From the Document: "Misinformation damages society in a number of ways. If parents withhold vaccinations from their children based on mistaken beliefs, public health suffers. If people fall for conspiracy theories surrounding COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], they are less likely to comply with government guidelines to manage the pandemic, thereby imperiling all of us. It's easy to be misled. Our feelings of familiarity and truth are often linked. We are more likely to believe things that we have heard many times than new information. [...] This phenomenon is called the 'illusory truth effect'. Thus, the more people encounter a piece of misinformation they do not challenge, the more the misinformation seems true, and the more it sticks. Even if a source is identified as unreliable or is blatantly false and inconsistent with people's ideology, repeated exposure to information still tilts people towards believing its claims. Misinformation is also often steeped in emotional language and designed to be attention-grabbing and have persuasive appeal. This facilitates its spread and can boost its impact, especially in the current online economy in which user attention has become a commodity."
George Mason University. Center for Climate Change Communication
Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Ecker, Ullrich . . .
2020
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Hidden Impact of COVID-19 on Child Poverty
From the Executive Summary: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has spread rapidly within and between countries across the globe. Governments worldwide have implemented measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 including school closures, home isolation/quarantine and community lockdown, all of which have had secondary impacts on children and their households. Save the Children launched a global research study to generate rigorous evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic and measures implemented to mitigate it are impacting children's health, nutrition, learning, wellbeing, protection, family finances and poverty, and to identify children's and their families' needs during these times. [...] The results presented in this report focus on implications for child poverty, drawing on data from our representative sample of 17,565 parents/caregivers and 8,069 children in our programme participants group."
Save the Children (U.S.)
Loperfido, Lavinia; Burgess, Melissa; Dulieu, Nicole . . .
2020
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Protect a Generation: The Impact of COVID-19 on Children's Lives
From the Executive Summary: "An estimated 99% of children worldwide - or more than 2.3 billion children - live in one of the 186 countries that have implemented some form of restrictions due to COVID-19 . Although children are not at a high risk of direct harm from the virus, they are disproportionately affected by its hidden impacts."
Save the Children (U.S.)
Edwards, Jess
2020
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Hidden Impact of COVID-19 on Children: Research Design and Methods
From the Abstract: "COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has spread rapidly within and between countries across the globe. Governments worldwide have implemented measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 including school closures, home isolation/quarantine and community lockdown, all of which have had secondary impacts on children and their households. Save the Children launched a global research study to generate rigorous evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic and measures implemented to mitigate it are impacting children's health, nutrition, learning, wellbeing, protection, family finances and poverty and to identify children's and their families' needs during these times. [...] This report presents the global COVID-19 research series design and methods."
Save the Children (U.S.)
Burgess, Melissa; Sulaiman, Munshi; Arlini, Silvia Mila . . .
2020
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Death, Bereavement and Grief and the Impact of COVID-19
From the Foreword: "Businesses have an increasing duty of care to protect the physical and mental health and safety of their people. The experience of bereavement is unique to each person but being in a supportive environment which allows someone to express their feelings is often helpful. The impact of not handling deaths well during COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] may risk mental health issues and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and there can be serious implications if trauma remains untreated. Now is the time for employers to meet the challenge, talk about death in a meaningful way and to consider the impact that tens of thousands of deaths linked to COVID-19 will have on the workplace. As we all face this crisis together, the need for compassionate leadership has become ever more apparent, fuelled by collective empathy and humanity. We're calling on all employers to use the principles of dignity, decency and respect to respond. The support and compassion that companies offer to their employees, communities and the most vulnerable during the pandemic matters. Employers who act responsibly now will be best prepared to handle what emerges on the other side of this crisis. How issues are prioritised now will shape the new world."
Business in the Community Cymru/Wales (Organization)
Aston, Louise; Purchas, Anna; Davidson, Rachael
2020
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Economics of Vaccine Development and Supply: Responding to COVID-19 and Preparing for the Next Threat
From the Summary: "Once the depth and breadth of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic was belatedly recognized, researchers across the world have moved at an unprecedented pace to advance more than 100 vaccine candidates. However, much of the infrastructure and funding needed to develop, produce, and distribute successful vaccine candidates has been pieced together reactively rather than through established emergency preparedness frameworks both nationally and globally. Delays in recognizing and responding to the threat of COVID-19, particularly in the United States, have resulted in lost lives and a battered economy. The International Monetary Fund estimates the world economy will face a $12 trillion loss in 2020-2021 because of the pandemic, implying a potential $500 billion gain by accelerating vaccine development by a single month. In the near-term, policymakers have focused on ensuring adequate incentives to develop and equitably distribute a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, but, as the threat of COVID-19 eventually recedes, policymakers need to consider strategies to ensure sufficient investment and interest in vaccine development, as well as surveillance and diagnostics, to respond to future infectious disease threats. This brief summarizes key points from a meeting convened by AcademyHealth in August 2020. Research and policy experts reviewed existing research on vaccine development, manufacturing, and distribution, including financing mechanisms to help ensure access to vaccines in developing countries."
AcademyHealth
Cassil, Alwyn
2020?
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Anti-Vaxx Playbook
From the Introduction: "This report, 'The Anti-Vaxx Playbook', is based on in-depth analysis of speeches and presentations by leading digital anti-vaccine advocates at a meeting they recently held in private over three days; investigation of private anti-vaccine digital spaces; and other intelligence gathered by our researchers. It reveals how anti-vaccine networks are systematically planning to suppress uptake of the Coronavirus vaccine by exploiting digital platforms. These malignant actors have developed their strategic understanding over years of advocacy and practice. Their strategy is simple. Exploit social media algorithms' predilection for controversial and engaging content to hammer home three key messages - Covid [coronavirus disease] isn't dangerous; vaccines are dangerous; and mistrust of doctors, scientists and public health authorities. Despite the variety of styles, tones and themes employed by the anti-vaccine movement, every meme they share is in service to one of these three messages. Our response must be equally simple: to inoculate against misinformation by ignoring the individual memes generated by the anti-vaxx industry and instead focus on communicating our core message - one that has the benefit of being true: 1. Covid is deadly; 2. Vaccines are among the safest, most effective, most consequential human inventions in the past two centuries, saving countless lives from disease, disability and even death; and 3. Doctors, scientists and public health professionals chose those professions because they want to help people and better understand the world."
Center for Countering Digital Hate
2020
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Cumulative Loss of COVID-19: Understanding the Grief Process [presentation]
In this slideshow used during an online Zoom presentation, Deanna Upchurch, director of Clinical Outreach Services at HopeHealth seeks to address the following issues, taken from the Objectives: 1) "Define grief and understand the unique nature of the experience", 2) "Discuss how COVID19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has affected the grief process", 3) "Identify what may help us as professional caregivers dealing with global, collective loss and how we can model healthy coping for others", and 4) "Share the value of virtual/telephonic support and other resources during this time."
HopeHealth
Upchurch, Deanna
2020?
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Building Vaccine Confidence Through Community Engagement
From the Purpose: "The Equity Flattens the Curve Initiative at APA [American Psychological Association] has developed this resource to assist community leaders and others to better understand the psychological and other scientific phenomena related to vaccination attitudes and behaviors. Current surveys suggest that widespread reticence to and rejection of vaccinations may exist once they become available. Community leaders, grassroots activists, as well as all types of healthcare providers need to be able to recognize barriers to vaccination acceptance while at the same time maintaining respect for differences. Out of such understanding, it is hoped that culturally competent interventions and deployment strategies will promote individual health choices and civic responsibility."
American Psychological Association
2020
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Understanding and Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy: Achieving Control in the U.S. Today
From the Document: "For the country to achieve significant control of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], widespread adoption of safe and efficacious vaccines across all communities and populations will be critical. While initial results show the vaccines pending authorization to be both safe and highly efficacious, several reports have emerged suggesting widespread adoption will be difficult due to vaccine hesitancy. Better understanding the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy enables us to implement a targeted campaign to address these concerns and help ensure widespread adoption across communities. We wanted to obtain a clear view of which populations are more or less willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, and why they have those particular sentiments. To do so, we initiated a broad, nationwide survey that is representative of the U.S. population as described by the U.S. Census Bureau. [...] Its findings allow us to better understand vaccine hesitancy at this point in the pandemic and hence, address it. Here, we discuss key survey results, and our multi-pronged approach to addressing specific concerns."
CVS Health
Brennan, Troyen A.; Chaguturu, Sree; Graham, Garth
2020
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Under the Surface: Covid-19 Vaccine Narratives, Misinformation and Data Deficits on Social Media
From the Document: "This research demonstrates the complexity of the vaccine information ecosystem, where a cacophony of voices and narratives have coalesced to create an environment of extreme uncertainty. Two topics are driving a large proportion of the current global vaccine discourse, especially around a Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine: the 'political and economic motives' of actors and institutions involved in vaccine development and the 'safety, efficacy and necessity' concerns around vaccines. Narratives challenging the safety of vaccines have been perennial players in the online vaccine debate. Yet this research shows that narratives related to mistrust in the intentions of institutions and key figures surrounding vaccines are now driving as much of the online conversation and vaccine skepticism as safety concerns."
First Draft
Smith, Rory; Cubbon, Seb; Wardle, Claire
2020
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Resilience: Engaging Partners & Leveraging Resources for Faith Based Organizations & Vulnerable Communities
From the Document: "By all accounts, we must anticipate several more weeks and even months ahead before we see a flattening of the curve across the country. As your community continues to isolate, engaging partners and leveraging resources for your community will be essential. It will keep your community strong in spirit, mind and body." The document proceeds to provide government resources and information, financial resources, reliable sources for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic updates, along with helpful resources for online schooling and recreation.
Rutgers University. Miller Center for Community Protection and Resilience
Clark, Ronald J.; Kula, Shannon M.
2020?
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Divide in Vaccine Belief in COVID-19 Conversations: Implications for Immunization Plans
From the Abstract: "The development of a viable COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine is a work in progress, but the success of the immunization campaign will depend upon public acceptance. In this paper, we classify Twitter users in COVID-19 discussion into vaccine refusers (anti-vaxxers) and vaccine adherers (vaxxers) communities. We study the divide between anti-vaxxers and vaxxers in the context of whom they follow. More specifically, we look at followership of 1) the U.S. Congress members, 2) four major religions (Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism and Islam), 3) accounts related to the healthcare community, and 4) news media accounts. Our results indicate that there is a partisan divide between vaxxers and anti-vaxxers. We find a religious community with a higher than expected fraction of anti-vaxxers. Further, we find that the variance of vaccine belief within the news media accounts operated by Russian and Iranian governments is higher compared to news media accounts operated by other governments. Finally, we provide messaging and policy implications to inform the COVID-19 vaccine and future vaccination plans."
Carnegie-Mellon University
Tyagi, Aman; Carley, Kathleen M.
2020?
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Complex Contagion of Doubt in the Anti-Vaccine Movement
From the Introduction: "The measles virus is a 'simple contagion' that is transmitted through contact between an infected person and a susceptible person. When someone who is newly infected becomes contagious, that person can transmit the disease to someone else who is susceptible, who in turn can transmit it to another, and so on. The result: One highly connected person can trigger an epidemic. Information can act like a simple contagion as well. If I tell you recent news about the availability of a new measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, you can easily repeat it to someone who can then repeat it to someone else. Each new contact and repetition leads to more transmission of the information. The result is the same: One highly connected person can accelerate word-of-mouth transmission of news, allowing it to spread 'virally' across a community (Centola & Macy, 2007). But anti-vaccine sentiment is different. It is a 'complex contagion.' Simply hearing a piece of anti-vaccine propaganda does not change a person's beliefs. Rather, people need to be convinced--the hallmark of a complex contagion--through contact with several peers who can reinforce the legitimacy of a point of view. That kind of social reinforcement confers credibility to the idea that vaccines may be harmful (Centola, 2018)."
Network Dynamics Group. Annenberg School for Communication (University of Pennsylvania)
Centola, Damon
2020?
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Failure to Act: How Tech Giants Continue to Defy Calls to Rein in Vaccine Misinformation
From the Introduction: "By the time a Coronavirus vaccine is widely available, tens of billions of dollars will have been expended researching and producing it. Vaccines are among the safest, most effective and consequential inventions in medical history. They have saved countless people from disease and death. And yet, despite scientific consensus, vaccines are opposed by a growing social media ecosystem of Counter-Enlightenment actors, snake oil salesmen and the misinformed. This Anti-Vaxx industry, which CCDH [Center for Countering Digital Hate] calculates is worth a billion dollars a year to social media companies, is countered by governments, scientists and fact-based journalism, and yet Coronavirus vaccine hesitancy is growing. Tech giants realise it would be toxic if people knew how they nurture this deadly ecosystem, so they have made big claims on dealing with Coronavirus misinformation. For this report, we sought to verify their claims. Restless Development and CCDH trained young volunteers in how to identify misinformation. They scoured Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter, recording and reporting misinformation through the platforms' interfaces. Of the 912 posts flagged and reported by volunteers, fewer than 1 in 20 posts containing misinformation were dealt with (4.9%). Much debate about misinformation on social media is about automated algorithms and detection. But this exercise shows that even when companies are handed misinformation on a silver platter, they fail to act. Alongside this report, we polled US citizens' attitudes towards a Coronavirus vaccine."
Center for Countering Digital Hate; Restless Development (Organization)
2020
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Anti-Vaxx Industry: How Big Tech Powers and Profits from Vaccine Misinformation
From the Introduction: "Vaccines are one of the most consequential, safe, efficient and effective medical discoveries in history. Few other inventions have saved so many lives. And yet today, amidst the Coronavirus pandemic, vaccination finds itself undermined as never before. It is another of mankind's inventions - social media - that has subverted public confidence in vaccines, by empowering ideologues, hucksters and the perhaps well-meaning but misinformed - people trying to make sense of the severity and complexity of the scientific issues being discussed - to identify and communicate with potential converts at zero cost. Conspiracy theories proliferate where there is deep epistemic anxiety, that is, when people feel uncertain about what is true or false. Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is new and unfamiliar. The scale of its impact is immense and yet when it comes to our best hope for vanquishing the disease, many have little understanding of how vaccines actually work or of the role they have played historically in eliminating diseases that once crippled and killed. Our health authorities have, understandably, focused on acute management of the Coronavirus threat and its spread. Out of sheer necessity, as they try to comprehend the disease, the message has been 'trust our best guess'. This has given anti-vaxxers an opportunity to exploit subtle shifts in recommendations as scientific knowledge grows and position themselves in opposition to an aloof, fallible medical establishment in the same way that political 'populists' define themselves in part by contrasting their authenticity to a real or imagined political 'establishment's' failures."
Center for Countering Digital Hate
2020
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COVID-19 Homeless System Response: Alternative Approaches to Winter Sheltering During COVID-19
From the Document: "Due to the current community spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], local facilities that are normally available to prevent death from exposure for people experiencing homelessness are now more limited. Houses of worship, recreation centers, and similar facilities heavily dependent on volunteers may not be options this upcoming winter season. The framework below provides a graduated approach to sheltering from life-threatening temperatures and regular seasonal weather. Coordination with local public health and emergency management partners is essential in design, resource investment, and staffing considerations."
United States. Department of Housing and Urban Development
2020?
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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade and Development: Transitioning to a New Normal
From the Foreword: "Since the virus first began to spread and the potential repercussions for development became apparent, we at the UNCTAD [United Nations Conference on Trade and Development] secretariat have been closely monitoring the effects of the global pandemic on trade and development. This report is a product of this engagement. It synthesizes the substantive analysis and dialogue that UNCTAD has undertaken around these issues across our divisions and competencies. It seeks to discern how COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is spurring on a number of trends already visible prior to the pandemic, magnifying some obstacles, but also opening up new opportunities for trade and development. While the pandemic may be far from over, it has become clear that transforming global approaches to trade and development cannot be avoided when charting a sustainable course to recovery from the pandemic. This report benchmarks the expectations of UNCTAD for what a 'better recovery' must constitute. It identifies several areas where the pandemic is accelerating trends already building up since the global financial crisis in trade, investment and technological change. It is our belief that recovery from the pandemic can help reshape global production networks and reset multilateral cooperation for the better, accelerating achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. That - in a nutshell-- is the UNCTAD definition of the 'better recovery' from the pandemic called for by the United Nations as a whole."
United Nations. Conference on Trade and Development
2020
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Prepared for a Pandemic? How Schools' Preparedness Related to Their Remote Instruction During COVID-19
From the Webpage Description: "The emergence of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in the United States in spring 2020 forced nearly all U.S. schools to transition rapidly to remote learning. However, a minority of U.S. public schools were prepared for a crisis on the level of COVID-19. Using responses to the American Educator Panels, RAND researchers investigate how schools' pre-pandemic planning translated into remote learning practices and principals' confidence in student achievement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Principals detailed the infrastructure preparations that their schools had made before the COVID-19 pandemic began. Specifically, principals were asked whether, before the pandemic started, their schools had undertaken the following five practices: providing devices (e.g., laptops, tablets) to, at a minimum, those students who need them training teachers on delivering online instruction using a learning management system providing fully online or blended learning courses establishing plans to deliver instruction during a prolonged school closure."
RAND Corporation
Diliberti, Melissa; Schwartz, Heather L.; Hamilton, Laura S. . . .
2020
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Testing and Cross-Border Risk Management Measures Manual, First Edition
From the Introduction: "This guidance is intended for use by State regulators, service providers, and other concerned entities and it addresses cross-border risk management in commercial air transport operations. The objective of the guidance is to inform States about public health risk management strategies to reduce the probability of translocation of the disease from one region to another. Updates will be provided as new scientific evidence becomes available. This document contains guidance for implementing a systemic process to identify risks related to the pandemic and mitigate those to an acceptable level as determined by each individual State. The final objective is to create a harmonized and cooperative effort to maintain global connectivity."
International Civil Aviation Organization
2020
