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Operational Considerations for Infection Prevention and Control in Outpatient Facilities: Non-U.S. Healthcare Settings
From the Document: "This document outlines strategies for implementation of infection prevention and control (IPC) guidance for non-U.S. outpatient care settings in response to community spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Clinics and facilities that provide outpatient services play an important role in a healthcare system's response to COVID-19 and are critical to provide continued essential health services. This information complements available IPC guidance for COVID-19."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-07-08
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Epidemic Analysis for Response Decision-Making: Systematic Organization of Multi-Source Information to Inform Response Decisions
From the Document: "Epidemic analysis for response decision-making (ERD) is a practical process for informing response decisions by systematically, logically and clearly organizing multi-source information to optimize assessment. ERD begins when decision-makers must decide between a few defined response options, which generally ask either: 'Do we need to increase our response?' OR 'Can we reduce our response?' Such questions arise after an epidemic or a public health event has begun, and they continue to arise throughout the course of the event. Decision-makers consider multiple factors (for instance, financial, political, sociocultural or epidemiological) when deciding among response options, and ERD helps to inform the epidemiological considerations by synthesizing the epidemiological information. It also helps to identify information that should be collected for similar events in the future."
World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Matthew Griffith, Matthew
2020
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Efficacy of Corticosteroids in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia
From the Background: "There is a growing need to provide COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] evidence, acknowledging the needs of the policy/decisionmakers. This rapid policy brief aims to summarize relevant research, in a timely manner and thereby facilitating their use in decision making. The outbreak of the new coronavirus infections COVID-19 become quickly a pandemic and global health emergency. Currently there is no specific anti-viral therapies, and its management is mainly supportive [1], even though several ongoing studies are now under investigation for the treatment of this life-threatening disease and some of them began to show strong findings. The increasing knowledge about the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] infection is leading to consider some steroids drugs as potential treatment options for the management of COVID-19. In this document we will critically summarized the evidences on either positive or negative effect of steroids commonly used to treat other diseases in this particular situation of COVID-19."
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Africa
2020-07-03
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Psychogeriatric Research During COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Analysis of Participant Views
From the Document: "Conducting clinical research during pandemics is critical not only for the management of the ongoing pandemic but also for future pandemic preparedness. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), a large integrated health organization and a major sponsor of patient-centered research, is a key player in shaping the conduct of psychogeriatric research in the USA. Sponsored by the VA Office of Research and Development (ORD), VA investigators are involved in over 7,000 funded research projects and often focus on psychogeriatric patient-centered research due to the demographics of Veterans and their family caregivers (ORD, 2020). Hence, it is important to understand how the ORD is handling clinical research during the current pandemic."
Cambridge University Press
Lum, Hillary D.; Padala, Kalpana P.; Dean, Kim T. . . .
2020
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 20 Issue 30, July 23, 2020
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following sections: "Marijuana grow houses still a threat to firefighters"; "List of online COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]-related training available on TRAIN website"; "COVID-19 Recovery CISA [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] Tabletop Exercise Package (CTEP)"; "Webinar: Public Health Leadership in Times of Crisis"; "Health Sector Cybersecurity Coordination Center launches website"; "Iranian hackers accidentally make video of themselves public"; and "One out of every 142 passwords is "123456."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2020-07-23
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Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens for COVID-19 [Updated July 8, 2020]
From the Document: "Healthcare providers considering testing people with possible COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] should work with their local and state health departments to coordinate testing through public health laboratories, or work with commercial or clinical laboratories using viral tests granted an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] has guidance for who should be tested, but decisions about who should be tested are at the discretion of state and local health departments and/or healthcare providers. Testing for other pathogens by the provider should be done as part of the initial evaluation, as indicated, but should not delay testing for SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], the virus that causes COVID-19."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-07-08
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 20 Issue 28, July 9, 2020
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following sections: "New guidance on COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Testing for First Responders"; "FEMA national engagement period for resource management"; "Weekly webinar series focuses on EMS [Emergency Medical Services] patient care and operations"; "Webinar: Infrastructure Resiliency and Continuity of Operations"; "CISA [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] releases Cyber Essentials Toolkit #2: Your Staff, The Users"; "Panelists describe IT [informational technology] challenges from remote work boom"; and "CISA cybersecurity webinar recordings available on-demand."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2020-07-09
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Fighting Fear in Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Document: "The current global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is unprecedented and has stressed healthcare systems worldwide. Healthcare resources that are scarce include tests for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), personal protective equipment (PPE), hospital equipment (ventilators), hospital capacity, and healthcare workers (HCWs), particularly those trained to care for the critically ill. Unfortunately, amid the pandemic and these shortages, anxiety and fear are rampant, fueled by real risk and amplified by the 24-hour news feed and social media. The risk of acquiring infection is innate to health care; it always has been and, for the foreseeable future, will continue to be. Therefore, effective infection prevention practices are paramount to both ensuring safety and combatting fear. However, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, deviations in proven preventative measures and standard care are common. Variations in PPE use (eg, utilizing N95 respirators for minimal risk encounters) or deferring critical, life-saving procedures (ie, due to lack of confidence in validated diagnostic test performance or PPE efficacy) increase the overall risk to HCWs and patients alike. The reason these variations exist must be explored, and we postulate fear as a significant factor."
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
Cawcutt, Kelly; Starlin, Richard; Rupp, Mark E.
2020
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Australian Guidelines for the Clinical Care of People with COVID-19
From the Purpose: "The purpose of this guideline is to provide health professionals and patients with up-to-date, evidence-based recommendations to guide shared decision-making in the treatment of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. The guideline contains specific and actionable recommendations for selected, well-defined clinical problems (i.e. what needs to be done and who it is relevant to). It does not define the individuals responsible for providing care, nor does it consider the social or economic implications of guideline adherence."
National COVID-19 Clinical Evidence Taskforce
2020-07-22?
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First 100 Days of COVID-19 in Asia and the Pacific: A Gender Lens
From the Executive Summary: "This document highlights what we know about the gender impacts of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in the Asia-Pacific region thus far. One hundred days since the first case was reported, we closely follow and contribute to the health response initiated by governments in the region and supported by the international community. While not all impacts of this pandemic are clear at this time, and the situation is evolving rapidly, it is clear that the gender and social inequalities that underpinned societies before the pandemic are now exacerbated, making bad situations for women and girls worse. Response and recovery efforts must place the needs of women and girls at the centre, and be grounded in the socio-economic realities that they face."
UN Women
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Summary of School Re-Opening Models and Implementation Approaches During the COVID 19 Pandemic
From the Document: "Schools closed in many countries for some period of time during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic as part of mitigation efforts to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]. Currently, a number of countries have fully or partially re-opened schools or are in the process of doing so. This document is a brief summary of the models and implementation approaches to re-opening schools that focuses on the approaches used in 15 countries for which data were available. Our systematic search of the published and pre-print literature yielded very few articles that address this topic and so this summary relies heavily on news articles and 'grey literature' sources. It includes news articles, manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals or on pre-print servers, and other resources identified through July 6, 2020."
Washington (State). Department of Health
Guthrie, Brandon L., 1978-; Tordoff, Diana M.; Meisner, Julianne
2020-07-06
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Preliminary Response & Recovery Report
From the Addendum: "New Yorkers are processing the pain from COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], a disease that disproportionately impacts communities of more color, because of systemic injustice. As this report has laid out paths forward through the pandemic, so must we also look forward to what changes must be made in a criminal justice system that will prevent this inequity in the future. Thousands of New Yorkers have taken to our City's streets in protest to express their pain around the murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and countless other Black Americans who have been the victims of police violence. This pain is one that is rooted not only in grief for lives cut ruthlessly short, but in frustration with a policing system that has long discriminated against people of more color."
New York (N.Y.). Office of the Public Advocate
2020-06-09
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 20 Issue 29, July 16, 2020
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "FDA [U.S. Food and Drug Administration] adds to the list of dangerous hand sanitizers containing methanol"; "Risks of counterfeit PPE [personal protective equipment], how to identify them, how to report them"; "FEMA releases updated public assistance guidance"; "New industrial control system security 5-year strategy released"; "Pipeline Cybersecurity Initiative"; "Monthly cybersecurity webinars continue for HPH [Healthcare and Public Health] sector"; and "FBI sees spike in fraudulent unemployment insurance claims."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2020-07-16
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COVID-19 and Gender-Based Violence: Workplace Risks and Responses
From the Document: "This guidance note seeks to inform employers about the heightened risks of gender-based violence as a result of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic and outline ways in which employers can address these risks, improve employee and community well-being, and create a safe and resilient workplace."
International Finance Corporation
2020-07
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Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
From the Abstract: "Our understanding of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to evolve and there are many unknowns about its epidemiology. This study aims to synthesise case fatality rate (CFR) among confirmed COVID-19 patients, incubation period and time from onset of COVID-19 symptoms to first medical visit, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, recovery, and death. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and bibliographies of relevant articles from 01 December 2019 to 11 March 2020 without any language restrictions. Quantitative studies that recruited people with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis were included. Two independent reviewers extracted the data. Out of 1675 non-duplicate studies, 43 were included in the meta-analysis."
Cambridge University Press
Khalili, Malahat; Karamouzian, Mohammad; Nasiri, Naser . . .
2020-06-10
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Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Infection Prevention Precautions
From the Document: "This document is an update to the scientific brief published on 29 March 2020 entitled 'Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]: implications for infection prevention and control (IPC) precaution recommendations' and includes new scientific evidence available on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], the virus that causes COVID-19."
World Health Organization
2020-07-09
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COVID-19: The CIDRAP Viewpoint Part 5: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Surveillance: A National Framework
From the Introduction: "Effective surveillance of an emerging infectious disease such as COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] poses unique challenges. Public health agencies have had to significantly increase their disease surveillance capacities to be able to rapidly identify new COVID-19 patients, follow up with their contacts, monitor disease trends over time, and identify hot spots of disease transmission, often with limited testing. Despite this increase in COVID-19 surveillance capacities, gaps remain. It's essential, therefore, to outline the main goals of COVID-19 surveillance and address key challenges to its effective implementation."
Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy
Ulrich, Angela K.; Moore, Kristine A.; Anderson, Cory . . .
2020-07-09
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Work, Care and Gender During the Covid-19 Crisis
From the Introduction: "Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is hitting most economies as hard as the deepest recessions, but given the exceptional nature of this crisis, the distribution of jobs and workers affected is potentially different from previous recessions. The Great Recession, as well as other previous downturns, tended to more severely affect male-dominated industries such as construction and manufacturing. In contrast, the social distancing and lock-down associated with the Covid-19 crisis has hit service sectors with frequent interactions between consumers and providers, sectors whose activities involve social contact, such as retail, restaurants and hospitality have been shut down, with temporary or permanent job losses concentrated among low-skill service workers. But even among workers whose activities are not directly subject to the lock-down, many are unable to work as normal, as their work would not comply with social distancing (e.g. in construction, repairs and home services), and can be hardly performed from home. [...] [W]e combine evidence on jobs performed by men and women in the UK and childcare time of mothers and father to discuss potential impacts on the crisis on gender inequalities. We also consider the possibility of long run consequences if these impacts persist beyond the crisis."
London School of Economics and Political Science. Centre for Economic Performance
Hupkau, Claudia; Petrongolo, B. (Barbara)
2020-05
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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [April 8, 2020]
From the Document: "Healthcare providers should contact their local/state health department immediately to notify them of patients with fever and lower respiratory illness who they suspect may have COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. Local and state public health staff will determine if the patient meets the criteria for testing for COVID-19. The state and local health department will assist clinicians to collect, store, and ship specimens appropriately, including during afterhours or on weekends/holidays. Clinical specimens should be collected for routine testing of respiratory pathogens at either clinical or public health labs. Note that clinical laboratories should NOT attempt viral isolation from specimens collected from persons suspected to have COVID-19 unless this is performed in a BSL-3 [biosafety level 3] laboratory. Testing for other pathogens by the provider should be done as part of the initial evaluation but should not delay testing for COVID-19."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-04-08
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Covid-19 and the Need for Health Care Reform
From the Document: "The Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has brought into sharp focus the need for health care reforms that promote universal access to affordable care. Although all aspects of U.S. health care will face incredible challenges in the coming months, the patchwork way we govern and pay for health care is unraveling in this time of crisis, leaving millions of people vulnerable and requiring swift, coordinated political action to ensure access to affordable care."
New England Journal of Medicine
King, Jamie S.
2020-06-25
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Covid-19 Macroeconomic Impact FAQs
From the Document: "That the pandemic would push the global economy towards a recession is now loud and clear, with many global multilateral agencies marking down global growth expectations. Financial markets too are pricing in weaker growth ahead. India, which has mostly averted major damages from all sorts of large global crises in the past, seems to be withstanding the latest burst of pandemic too, as it reports far fewer infections compared with major and emerging economies. The truth, of course, will be known only in hindsight. But surely, the Indian economy is not completely insulated from the global economic shock. The effects of our own lockdown are also beginning to tell. While the pandemic has tested the nation's healthcare economy the most, the lockdown's broader impact could bring fresh challenges in the coming quarters."
Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd.
2020-04-27
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COVID-19 Pandemic: A New Challenge for Syndromic Surveillance
From the Abstract: "Surveillance is the core function of any public health system, and a multi-component surveillance system for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is essential to understand the burden across the different strata of any health system and the population. Many countries and public health bodies utilise 'syndromic surveillance' (using real-time, often non-specific symptom/preliminary diagnosis information collected during routine healthcare provision) to supplement public health surveillance programmes. The current COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a series of unprecedented challenges to syndromic surveillance including: the impact of media reporting during early stages of the pandemic; changes in healthcare-seeking behaviour resulting from government guidance on social distancing and accessing healthcare services; and changes in clinical coding and patient management systems. These have impacted on the presentation of syndromic outputs, with changes in denominators creating challenges for the interpretation of surveillance data. Monitoring changes in healthcare utilisation is key to interpreting COVID-19 surveillance data, which can then be used to better understand the impact of the pandemic on the population."
Cambridge University Press
Elliot, Alex J.; Harcourt, Sally E.; Hughes, Helen E. . . .
2020-06-16
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Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak and Geropsychiatric Care for Older Adults: A View from Turkey
From the Introduction: "This paper focuses on Turkey's fight against the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, the problems in geropsychiatric care, and their solutions encountered during the period of social isolation of older adults. The precautions to be taken during the outbreak, which seems to have a dynamic process, may change rapidly. This challenge may continue until we have a coronavirus vaccine."
International Psychogeriatric Association
Naharci, Mehmet Ilkin; Katipoglu, Bilal; Tasci, Ilker
2020
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Factors Associated with the Duration of Hospitalisation Among COVID-19 Patients in Vietnam: A Survival Analysis
From the Abstract Background: "The median duration of hospital stays due to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has been reported in several studies on China as 10-13 days. Global studies have indicated that the length of hospitalisation depends on different factors, such as the time elapsed from exposure to symptom onset, and from symptom onset to hospital admission, as well as specificities of the country under study. The goal of this paper is to identify factors associated with the median duration of hospital stays of COVID-19 patients during the second COVID-19 wave that hit Vietnam from 5 March to 8 April 2020."
Cambridge University Press
Thai, Pham Quang
2020
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Estimation of Incubation Period and Serial Interval of COVID-19: Analysis of 178 Cases and 131 Transmission Chains in Hubei Province, China
From the Abstract: "A novel coronavirus disease, designated as COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], has become a pandemic worldwide. This study aims to estimate the incubation period and serial interval of COVID-19. We collected contact tracing data in a municipality in Hubei province during a full outbreak period. The date of infection and infector-infectee pairs were inferred from the history of travel in Wuhan or exposed to confirmed cases. The incubation periods and serial intervals were estimated using parametric accelerated failure time models, accounting for interval censoring of the exposures. Our estimated median incubation period of COVID-19 is 5.4 days (bootstrapped 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.8-6.0), and the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles are 1 and 15 days, respectively; while the estimated serial interval of COVID-19 falls within the range of -4 to 13 days with 95% confidence and has a median of 4.6 days (95% CI 3.7- 5.5). Ninety-five per cent of symptomatic cases showed symptoms by 13.7 days (95% CI 12.5-14.9). The incubation periods and serial intervals were not significantly different between male and female, and among age groups. Our results suggest a considerable proportion of secondary transmission occurred prior to symptom onset. And the current practice of 14-day quarantine period in many regions is reasonable."
Cambridge University Press
Yang, Lin; Dai, Jingyi; Zhao, Jun . . .
2020-06-16
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Taking the Inner Route: Spatial and Demographic Factors Affecting Vulnerability to COVID-19 Among 604 Cities from Inner São Paulo State, Brazil
From the Abstract: "Even though the impact of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in metropolitan areas has been extensively studied, the geographic spread to smaller cities is also of great concern. We conducted an ecological study aimed at identifying predictors of early introduction, incidence rates of COVID-19 and mortality (up to 8 May 2020) among 604 municipalities in inner São Paulo State, Brazil. Socio-demographic indexes, road distance to the state capital and a classification of regional relevance were included in predictive models for time to COVID-19 introduction (Cox regression), incidence and mortality rates (zero-inflated binomial negative regression). In multivariable analyses, greater demographic density and higher classification of regional relevance were associated with both early introduction and increased rates of COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Other predictive factors varied, but distance from the State Capital (São Paulo City) was negatively associated with time-to-introduction and with incidence rates of COVID-19. Our results reinforce the hypothesis of two patterns of geographical spread of SARS-Cov-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] infection: one that is spatial (from the metropolitan area into the inner state) and another which is hierarchical (from urban centres of regional relevance to smaller and less connected municipalities). Those findings may apply to other settings, especially in developing and highly heterogeneous countries, and point to a potential benefit from strengthening non-pharmaceutical control strategies in areas of greater risk."
Cambridge University Press
Fortaleza, C. M. C. B.; Guimarães, R. B.; de Almeida, G. B. . . .
2020-06-16
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FAQ for School Administrators on Reopening Schools
This document, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collection on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compiles Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for school administrators on reopening schools.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-07-24
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COVID-19 Health Worries and Anxiety Symptoms Among Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Ageism
From the Abstract: "A prominent feature of anxiety in late life is concerns regarding physical health. Anxiety symptoms among older adults have been connected with various psychological outcomes, including social isolation and loneliness. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many societies have demonstrated increased ageist attitudes, encouraging older adults to distance themselves from society. Accordingly, the current study examined the moderating role of COVID-19-related ageism in the connection between COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults. Data were collected from 243 older adults (age range 60-92; M = 69.75, SD = 6.69), who completed scales assessing COVID-19-related health worries and ageism, as well as anxiety symptoms. The results demonstrated that both health worries and ageism were positively associated with anxiety symptoms. Moreover, the connection between health worries and anxiety symptoms was more pronounced among older adults with high ageism levels. The study highlights the vulnerability of older adults in general, and ageist older adults in particular, to the negative consequences of COVID-19-related health worries, and emphasizes the role of the increased ageist stance of society during the pandemic in this regard."
International Psychogeriatric Association
Bergman, Yoav S.; Cohen-Fridel, Sara; Shrira, Amit . . .
2020
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Impact of COVID-19 on Organized Crime
From the Executive Summary: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has swept across the world, killing hundreds of thousands of people, and testing public healthcare systems to a breaking point. Many areas of economic activity have either been shut down by governments to halt the spread of the virus or have seen demand collapse. In many countries where organized criminal groups are prevalent, struggling private businesses - many unable to access enough public funds to keep them afloat - are more likely to seek out loans on the illicit market than they would be at other times."
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
2020
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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and People Living with Dementia: A Guide for Those Looking After Residents in Long-Term Care, Designated and Supportive Living
From the Document: "Older adults have a greater risk of infection and death from COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. Residents living in congregate living settings are at particular risk of infection since they live in close proximity to others, facilitating viral spread. Advanced age and the likeliness of mental, cognitive, physical and social challenges increase vulnerability of older residents including persons living with dementia, resulting in poorer outcomes if they become infected."
Alberta Health Services
Wagg, Adrian; Lazorek, Carmen; Walrod, Christine . . .
2020-05-08
