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Mutual Fund Performance and Flows During the COVID-19 Crisis
From the Abstract: "We present a comprehensive analysis of the performance and flows of U.S. actively-managed equity mutual funds during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis of 2020. We find that most active funds underperform passive benchmarks during the crisis, contradicting a popular hypothesis. Funds with high sustainability ratings perform well, as do funds with high star ratings. Fund outflows largely extend pre-crisis trends. Investors favor funds that apply exclusion criteria and funds with high sustainability ratings, especially environmental ones. Our finding that investors remain focused on sustainability during this major crisis suggests they view sustainability as a necessity rather than a luxury good."
Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics
Pástor, Luboš; Vorsatz, M. Blair
2020-07
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Next Cares Act: A Better, Faster Way to Deliver Aid
From the Introduction: "Even as COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]-related economic and social restrictions ease across the U.S., many businesses and workers will continue to be vulnerable for months to come without more help from the federal government. In March, Congress passed the $2.2 trillion CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act, which included several forms of assistance to shore up credit and financial markets and to provide a critical lifeline to workers and businesses. Although the CARES Act undoubtedly helped the economy from sinking into the abyss, many of its specific programs have been slow to get benefits to the businesses and workers who need them the most."
The New Center
Baumel, Julia
2020-07
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WHO Mass Gathering COVID-19 Risk Assessment Tool -- Generic Events
From the Document: "The content of this Risk Assessment tool has been updated to reflect new WHO [World Health Organization] guidance and new evidence on both COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] and mass gatherings, as well as feedback from end-users. Additional improvements have been made to the way the information is organized and presented: the Decision Tree is now built into the tool and a new tab dedicated to Risk Communication has been added. The expanded tool now includes six tabs: 1. Instructions; 2. Decision Tree; 3. Risk Evaluation; 4. Risk Mitigation; 5. Decision Matrix; 6. Risk Communication."
World Health Organization
2020-07-10
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Global COVID-19 Clinical Platform with Pregnancy Module -- CRF-P
From the Introduction: "In response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a global COVID-19 anonymized clinical data platform (the 'COVID-19 Data Platform') to enable State Parties to the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) to share with WHO anonymized clinical data related to patients with suspected or confirmed infections with SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] (collectively 'anonymized COVID-19 data'). The anonymized COVID-19 data received by WHO will remain the property of the contributing Entity and will be used by WHO for purposes of verification, assessment and assistance pursuant to the IHR (2005), including to inform the public health and clinical operation response in connection with the COVID-19 outbreak. To help achieve these objectives, WHO has established an independent Clinical Advisory Group to advise WHO on global reporting and analysis of the anonymized clinical COVID-19 data. State Parties and other entities are invited to contact WHO to obtain more information about how to contribute anonymized clinical COVID-19 data to the WHO Data Platform. To preserve the security and confidentiality of the anonymized COVID-19 data, State Parties and other entities are respectfully requested to take all necessary measures to protect their respective log-in credentials and passwords to the COVID-19 Data Platform."
World Health Organization
2020-07-13
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Back to School in Brazil: Social Distancing Edition
From the Document: "On July 8, 2020, the Brazil Institute and the Lemann Foundation, with the support of the AWS Institute, convened a discussion on the future of education in Brazil in a world with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], and how educators and policymakers can leverage technology effectively to allow students and teachers to return to a newly-digital classroom."
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Brazil Institute; AWS Institute; Fundação Lemann
2020-07
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Mitigating COVID-19 Effects with Conventional Monetary Policy
From the Document: "The Federal Reserve slashed the federal funds rate in response to the effects of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The full impact of the pandemic on the economy is still uncertain and depends on many factors. Analysis suggests that allowing the federal funds rate to fall fast will help the economy cope with the aftermath of COVID-19. In particular, the limited policy space due to the effective lower bound of the federal funds rate before the pandemic reinforces rather than offsets the need for a rapid funds rate decline."
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
Cúrdia, Vasco
2020-04-13
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Issue Guide: COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing, Considerations for Using Digital Technologies
From the Executive Summary: "As communities relax stay-at-home orders and ramp up testing, the public health system is seeing increases in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] cases. Until vaccines are broadly available, the primary ways of preventing transmission of COVID-19 include interventions such as case investigation, contact tracing, social distancing, and isolation and quarantine. Case investigation and contact tracing are well-established public health functions that have been implemented for many diseases like Ebola, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and tuberculosis. However, the scale and speed needed for COVID-19 is unprecedented. An extensive and swift expansion of the case investigation and contact tracing workforce--paired with continuous evaluation to ensure effectiveness--is needed to adequately respond to rising caseloads and rapid investigation cycles. To complement this time-tested, workforce-based solution, technology companies have been engaging with various public health experts to develop new tools that could aid in COVID-19 response efforts. Public health officials may choose to incorporate solutions that can augment and support case investigation and contact tracing while also protecting privacy."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2020?
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Health-Protective Behaviour, Social Media Usage and Conspiracy Belief During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency
From the Abstract: "Social media platforms have long been recognised as major disseminators of health misinformation. Many previous studies have found a negative association between health-protective behaviours and belief in the specific form of misinformation popularly known as 'conspiracy theory'. Concerns have arisen regarding the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] conspiracy theories on social media. [...] Three questionnaire surveys of social media use, conspiracy beliefs and health-protective behaviours with regard to COVID-19 among UK residents were carried out online, one using a self-selecting sample (N = 949) and two using stratified random samples from a recruited panel (N = 2250, N = 2254). [...] All three studies found a negative relationship between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and COVID-19 health-protective behaviours, and a positive relationship between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and use of social media as a source of information about COVID-19. Studies 2 and 3 also found a negative relationship between COVID-19 health-protective behaviours and use of social media as a source of information, and Study 3 found a positive relationship between health-protective behaviours and use of broadcast media as a source of information."
Cambridge University Press
Allington, Daniel; Wessely, Simon; Duffy, Bobby . . .
2020-06-05
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Global Order After COVID-19
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is the most disruptive global event since the Great Depression and World War 2. At least 4.8 million people have been infected in less than six months; more than 300,000 have died, and many more deaths will occur even if effective vaccines or treatments are eventually developed. The economic costs are staggering: much of the world has fallen into recession, debt levels are soaring, and future growth prospects have dimmed. It is in some ways the first fully global crisis in human history, one from which no country can remain aloof. Yet despite these far-reaching effects, the current pandemic will not transform the essential nature of world politics."
Institut für Sicherheitspolitik
Walt, Stephen M., 1955-
2020
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School Reopening Planning: Federal, Association, and State Considerations
From the Overview: "As we approach the traditional start of the academic school calendar, school district administrators, educators, staff, and parents are working to determine the feasibility and practicality for schools to reopen in light of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. It is imperative that education and public health leaders work collaboratively to develop plans that support the health and wellbeing of students, teachers, staff and the community, while working to reduce possible transmission of COVID-19. Communities across the country and world are identifying hybrid and alternative mechanisms of traditional instruction to ensure that core and ancillary components of education are provided. These plans and recommendations consider a variety of factors, both known and unknown, that should be taken into consideration. The examples below provide guidance and recommendations from national associations, state action plans, and other resources that can be used to inform future recommendations and policy decisions."
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (U.S.)
2020-07-14
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COVID-19: Defining an Invisible Enemy Within Healthcare and the Community
From the Document: "The rapid dissemination of severe respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) throughout the globe has been declared a pandemic. A lack of national and internationally agreed case definitions for healthcare-associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to inconsistencies in describing epidemiology, which limit comparisons. [...] Recent NHS [National Health Service] England guidance recommends screening all emergency hospital admissions on admission followed by a single repeat, for those testing negative, between 5 and 7 days after admission. Our data demonstrate that healthcare-associated COVID-19 has contributed an important number of cases patients during the height of a pandemic. Sequential screening of non-COVID-19 hospitalized patients beyond this, possibly on a weekly basis up to 14 days after hospital discharge, may prove beneficial in further reducing the threat posed by SARS-CoV-2. Further validation of proposed definitions is required and according to the evolution of CDI [Clostridium difficile infection] definitions, amendments are likely."
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
Musa, Saif A.; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand; Paget, Stephanie . . .
2020
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COVID-19: The Gendered Impacts of the Outbreak
From the Document: "Policies and public health efforts have not addressed the gendered impacts of disease outbreaks. The response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears no different. We are not aware of any gender analysis of the outbreak by global health institutions or governments in affected countries or in preparedness phases. Recognising the extent to which disease outbreaks affect women and men differently is a fundamental step to understanding the primary and secondary effects of a health emergency on different individuals and communities, and for creating effective, equitable policies and interventions."
Lancet
Lewin, Sharon; Rasmussen, Thomas A.; Wenham, Clare . . .
2020-03-06
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Kentucky Testing Plan
From the Document: "Kentucky's estimated population is 4.5 million residents. To reach the monthly 2% minimum testing target, 90,000 tests/month (3,000 tests/day) will need to be performed within the commonwealth. Through the Gravity Diagnostics contract, Kentucky has the capacity to perform 125,000 tests/month or 5,000 tests/day (Monday-Saturday), exceeding the monthly minimum. The Division of Laboratory Services (DLS) has recently expanded its testing capacity to approximately 240 specimens/day (Monday-Sunday). In addition to the current capacity, DPH must continue to increase the availability and accessibility of testing. To stop transmission of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], the primary goals are to identify as close to 100% of infected persons as quickly as possible and isolate cases immediately, as well as identify and quarantine their close contacts and monitor for symptoms"
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-09?
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Basic Reproduction Number and Prediction of the Epidemic Size of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Shahroud, Iran
From the Abstract: "The aim of this study was to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in the early stage of the epidemic and predict the expected number of new cases in Shahroud in Northeastern Iran. The R0 of COVID-19 was estimated using the serial interval distribution and the number of incidence cases. The 30-day probable incidence and cumulative incidence were predicted using the assumption that daily incidence follows a Poisson distribution determined by daily infectiousness. Data analysis was done using 'earlyR' and 'projections' packages in R software. The maximum-likelihood value of R0 was 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1-3.4) for the COVID-19 epidemic in the early 14 days and decreased to 1.13 (95% CI 1.03-1.25) by the end of day 42. The expected average number of new cases in Shahroud was 9.0 ± 3.8 cases/day, which means an estimated total of 271 (95% CI: 178-383) new cases for the period between 02 April to 03 May 2020. By day 67 (27 April), the effective reproduction number (Rt), which had a descending trend and was around 1, reduced to 0.70. Based on the Rt for the last 21 days (days 46-67 of the epidemic), the prediction for 27 April to 26 May is a mean daily cases of 2.9 ± 2.0 with 87 (48-136) new cases. In order to maintain R below 1, we strongly recommend enforcing and continuing the current preventive measures, restricting travel and providing screening tests for a larger proportion of the population."
Cambridge University Press
Khosravi, Ahamd; Chaman, Reza; Rohani-Rasaf, Marzieh . . .
2020-06-04
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Coronavirus (COVID-19) Testing Plans by State and Jurisdiction [website]
From the Website: "This page contains state testing plans that are part of the government response to the Coronavirus pandemic. These plans set specific targets for COVID-19 testing in each jurisdiction."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
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ELC Enhancing Detection: CNMI Testing Plan
From the Document: "In 1978, the CNMI [Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands] Department of Public Health was formed under the executive branch of government. Over the next thirty years it came to operate the sole hospital and emergency department, provide 90% of outpatient care to the residents, maintain one of two dialysis centers on island and provide all behavioral, environmental, population health services. Our unique organizational structure allows us to focus on both public health and clinical care for the same target population. a) In response to the Governor's COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Task Force, the CNMI COVID-19 testing strategy is multiprong. We utilize high throughput machines, DialPlexQ Solgent and ABI 7500 Fast Dx, to support large scale testing in the community at locations such as our drive-thru airport testing. In addition, we utilize GeneXpert for rapid testing of smaller groups as part of our port of entry screening protocol, which is also implemented as a directive from the Governor. Lastly, we utilize the Abbott ID NOW as point of care in the hospital and outpatient settings."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Kansas Testing Plan
From the Document: "Kansas currently has an initial statewide strategy for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] specimen collection and testing. The goal of this strategy is to facilitate a rapid increase in statewide testing using all testing sites and platforms available. KDHE [Kansas Department of Health and Environment] will work with vendors, laboratories, and local sampling sites to help ensure that testing supplies and platforms are in place or easily mobilized to support communities, Kansas local health departments, and to support the early detection of outbreaks in congregate settings."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: LA County Testing Plan
From the Document: "Los Angeles County (LAC) will meet the goal of testing 2% of the County population, or ~200,000 individuals each month. LAC is currently performing over 350,000 test/month through our clinical providers, public health departments, and community testing sites. Initial efforts during the emergency focused on outbreak investigations and community testing access through drive-through and walk-through sites often located in non-clinical settings (e.g. event venues and malls). In the coming months, we are working with providers countywide to move the majority of community testing into health care settings, while ramping up public health-led surveillance, contact and outbreak operations. This clinically integrated approach will improve the value of testing performed while ensuring close follow-up and family- and community- centered counseling and management post-testing. We are working closely with countywide testing partners to enhance their access to testing capacity and supplies, personnel, personal protective equipment, and training and technical assistance."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: FSM Testing Plan
From the Document: "FSM [Federated States of Micronesia] is fortunate to not have any cases of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. Robust travel restrictions have been in place since the FSM President declared a state of Emergency in January 31, 2020. Points of entry screening have been in place since February 2020. FSM is planning to repatriate stranded residents in early June 2020. The current testing strategy is to test all persons under investigation (PUI) according to current defintions [sic]."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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Guide to the Ethics of Surveillance and Quarantine for Novel Coronavirus
From the Document: "The UK Government has declared the spread of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) to be a serious and imminent threat to public health. [...] This step gives government authorities additional legal powers to control the disease, such as restricting people's movement. The Department of Health and Social Care has said that people infected with novel coronavirus could now be forcibly quarantined and not allowed to leave, and could be forcibly sent into isolation if they posed a threat to public health."
Nuffield Council on Bioethics
2020?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Massachusetts Testing Plan
From the Document: "To date, the health care system in Massachusetts has tested more than 500,000 people for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. On average, ~10,000 individuals are tested for COVID-19 in Massachusetts each day, comprising 4.4% of Massachusetts' population each month. The Commonwealth continues to work aggressively to expand access to testing to ensure: [1] All symptomatic residents (including those with mild symptoms) have timely access to a diagnostic test; [2] All close contacts (including those that are asymptomatic) have timely access to a diagnostic test; [3] Access to testing for vulnerable and high-risk populations; [4] Capacity to support frequent testing of nursing facility staff, as recommended by CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] and CMS [Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]; [5] Massachusetts can reach its target of a
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Michigan Testing Plan
From the Document: "Michigan is on pace to conduct 465,000 total tests, or over 2 percent of its population, in May 2020 and has plans to expand testing substantially from here. The state has set a near-term goal of reaching 15,000 diagnostic tests per day and a medium-term goal of reaching 30,000 diagnostic tests per day (approximately 900,000 individuals per month or about 9 percent of the state's population). In mid-May 2020, Michigan averaged about 17,000 total tests completed per day and about 14,400 diagnostic tests per day. a) Michigan is maximizing use of testing platforms by partnering with a wide range of laboratories to conduct testing. Over 70 entities in the state have some testing capability, whether as a CLIA [Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments] high-complexity laboratory conducting PCR [polymerase chain reaction] tests or as a CLIA waived entity conducting point-of-care tests. Together, these entities report capacity to test 25,000 per day if corresponding supplies were available; however, supply shortages continue to significantly restrict Michigan's testing capability."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Louisiana Testing Plan
From the Document: "The Louisiana Department of Health (the Department) includes the state Office of Public Health and one state lab servicing all nine public health regions. Initial testing for SARS-COV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] began in Louisiana's state lab on February 29, 2020. Louisiana has gone from a very limited amount of testing that was only available in our state lab to now having commercial labs across the state to complete and report as many tests as possible. Since then, more than 38,500 cases and 2,600 deaths associated with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] have been identified in Louisiana. As of May 27, 2020, overall positivity in the State is 11.1% since the first case, reflecting 347,647 test results."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Maryland Testing Plan
From the Document: "Expanded testing capacity is one of the four pillars of Governor Hogan's Maryland Strong: Roadmap to Recovery. Maryland is pursuing a four-pronged approach for increasing its state-wide laboratory testing capacity towards the short-term goal of sustaining more than 10,000 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ()-based COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] tests a day, and expanding to 20,000 tests a day: 1. Expanding internal state public health lab (SPHL) capacity; 2. Creating partnerships with commercial and academic labs to enhance use of their capacity; 3. Pursuing other strategic opportunities through work with manufacturers of point-of-care testing systems to clarify how to best deploy safe and accurate diagnostic systems, coordination with private hospital laboratories, and pursuing a White House offer to make use of Maryland-based federal laboratories; and 4. Laying the foundation for a statewide serological-test-based survey to estimate the prevalence of prior COVID-19 infection in the state. Maryland's SPHL has a daily capacity of 970 tests. Work is currently in progress to acquire, adapt and/or outfit the following analytical platforms to significantly increase current SPHL capacity."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Minnesota Testing Plan
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic continues to present an unprecedented and rapidly evolving challenge to the state of Minnesota. For a variety of reasons, Minnesota is currently prioritizing COVID-19 testing for those who are symptomatic or are in a high-risk setting or population (congregate settings, staff in high-risk settings, critical utility workers, etc). We are continuing to expand the availability of testing for high-priority groups through a strong public/private partnership between MDH [Minnesota Department of Health], the University of MN, the Mayo Clinic, and health systems and providers throughout the state, so that we can immediately respond to emerging hotspots and areas of concern, as part of our overall goal of ensuring testing is available with as few barriers as possible for anyone who needs it. Funding from the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases (ELC) Enhancing Detection effort in Minnesota (MN-ELC) will help increase overall testing for COVID-19 across the state and improve the public health infrastructure that supports an effective response to disease outbreaks."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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ELC Enhancing Detection: Maine Testing Plan
From the Document: "It is important to note that the State of Maine has already met and exceeded the stated goal of testing a minimum of 2% of its population, or 26,000 monthly, by implementing several testing strategies. Maine's focus now is on expanding testing even further, focusing on the highest-risk populations, by continuing to implement a number of testing strategies. These include activating multiple testing venues, utilizing varied testing platforms/instruments and PCR [polymerase chain reaction] tests, granting new healthcare entities opportunities to conduct local testing, leasing/purchasing additional testing equipment, and partnering with various private entities to provide additional test kits and resources for expanded testing. As a result of these efforts, Maine CDC's [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Health & Environmental Testing Laboratory has removed all testing 'tiers' or prioritzations within the public health laboratory and has recommended testing for all congregate settings after a single confirmed COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] case."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-07-08?
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Evidence-Based Practice for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
From the Website Description: "When communities face complex public health emergencies, state local, tribal, and territorial public health agencies must make difficult decisions regarding how to effectively respond. The public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR) system, with its multifaceted mission to prevent, protect against, quickly respond to, and recover from public health emergencies, is inherently complex and encompasses policies, organizations, and programs. Since the events of September 11, 2001, the United States has invested billions of dollars and immeasurable amounts of human capital to develop and enhance public health emergency preparedness and infrastructure to respond to a wide range of public health threats, including infectious diseases, natural disasters, and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear events. Despite the investments in research and the growing body of empirical literature on a range of preparedness and response capabilities and functions, there has been no national-level, comprehensive review and grading of evidence for public health emergency preparedness and response practices comparable to those utilized in medicine and other public health fields."
National Academies Press (U.S.)
2020
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Reopening K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prioritizing Health, Equity, and Communities (2020)
From the Website Description: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to the nation's K-12 [kindergarten-twelfth grade] education system. The rush to slow the spread of the virus led to closures of schools across the country, with little time to ensure continuity of instruction or to create a framework for deciding when and how to reopen schools. States, districts, and schools are now grappling with the complex and high-stakes questions of whether to reopen school buildings and how to operate them safely if they do reopen. These decisions need to be informed by the most up-to-date evidence about the SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] virus that causes COVID-19; about the impacts of school closures on students and families; and about the complexities of operating school buildings as the pandemic persists."
National Academies Press (U.S.)
2020
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Harder Times, Softer Terms: Assessing the World Bank's New Sustainable Development Finance Policy Amidst the COVID Crisis
From the Introduction: "The World Bank's non-concessional borrowing policy (NCBP) for IDA [International Development Association] countries was introduced in 2006 following major rounds of debt relief and debt cancellation for a large subset of these countries through the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. The aim of the NCBP was to preserve the gains for the debt relief recipients as part of a broader strategy of assistance focused on better debt monitoring and management of external borrowing. The World Bank now moves toward implementation of the successor to the NCBP in the form of a Sustainable Development Financing Policy (SDFP) in a much different context from 2006. At the time, global economic conditions were favorable, and the fiscal space and access to external credit (along with, arguably, the policy reforms implemented as part of debt relief conditionality) all served to spur significant and sustained economic gains for these countries. Importantly, the NCBP itself, which intended to restrict IDA country access to financing on non-concessional terms under certain circumstances, was rolled out amidst these favorable conditions for IDA countries and the global economy. That is, the policy was aimed at managing a generally favorable situation: increased access to a broader range of financing options for lower-income countries."
Center for Global Development
Morris, Scott
2020-07
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Streamlining the Value Chain Uploading Paper in Times of COVID-19
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic engulfing the world has caused massive suffering and loss of life. As infection rates in some countries appear to be levelling off and lockdowns are relaxed, the economic impact of the virus is becoming increasingly clear. Substantial GDP [gross domestic product] declines of 7.5 percent in the Netherlands and 7 percent in Germany are expected. Some two million full-time job equivalents are estimated to have been lost in Western Europe in Q1 of 2020, a loss projected to rise to eight million by Q2."
Netherlands Institute of International Relations
Meester, Jos; Bisson, Loïc; Dekker, Brigitte
2020-07
