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DHS Office of Inspector General Audit: Public Assistance Funds Awarded to Broward Sheriff's Office - Disaster Activities Related to Hurricanes Frances and Katrina
This Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) memorandum to Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region IV [4] Administrator P. (Phil) May is in regards to public assistance grant funds awarded to Broward Sheriff's Office in Broward County, Florida for disaster activities related to Hurricane Frances and Katrina. The objective of the audit was "to determine whether the Sheriff's Office accounted for and expended Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) funds according to federal regulations and FEMA guidelines."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2011-02-24
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DHS Office of Inspector General Audit: Public Assistance Funds Awarded to Broward Sheriff's Office - Disaster Activities Related to Hurricane Wilma
This Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) memorandum to Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region IV [4] Administrator P. (Phil) May is in regards to public assistance grant funds awarded to Broward Sheriff's Office in Broward County, Florida for disaster activities related to Hurricane Wilma. The objective of the audit was "to determine whether the Sheriff's Office accounted for and expended Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) funds according to federal regulations and FEMA guidelines."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2011-02-24
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Safely Reopening Municipal Facilities
From the Webpage: "Cities, towns and villages have led from the front in response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic - from adopting measures to flatten the curve to ensuring that the most vulnerable have the support they need. In some communities, local measures are paying off and cities can consider reopening their municipal facilities. By being constantly vigilant about the changing situation, following health department guidance, and putting safety first - municipalities can continue to maintain their pandemic response efforts while reopening safely. This toolkit aims to provide guidance, guidelines and resources on how to help your community safely reopen municipal facilities."
National League of Cities
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All Hands on Deck: Guidance Regarding Reopening School Buildings
From the Introduction: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to our schools, our economy, and our nation's families, exacerbating racial inequities and placing a disproportionate burden on communities of color throughout the country. While physically opening schools at the beginning of the 2020-2021 school year is the goal of most districts, the decision of when to reopen school buildings must be rooted in health and safety and not based on an arbitrary start date or any other priority. However, COVID-19 has also brought an opportunity to reimagine and reengineer the policies and processes that have benefited some students while not prioritizing other students, specifically under-resourced students; Indigenous, Black, and students of color; and students with disabilities. This is an opportunity to intentionally plan for school success during COVID-19 and beyond with health, safety, and equity at the forefront. We encourage educators to seek out opportunities to engage in dialogue about how we can educate all students safely in the midst of the crisis. In this process, we also encourage all stakeholders to unlearn biases and deficit ideologies about students, parents, and communities. We advocate that educators move to practice the types of teaching that will benefit all learners."
National Education Association of the United States
2020-09?
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Wilderness: Overview, Management, and Statistics [Updated July 29, 2022]
From the Summary: "Congress enacted the Wilderness Act in 1964. This act created the National Wilderness Preservation System, reserved to Congress the authority to designate wilderness areas, and directed the Secretaries of Agriculture and of the Interior to review certain lands' potential wilderness designation. The act also designated 54 wilderness areas with 9 million acres of federal land. Congress began expanding the Wilderness System in 1968. As of July 6, 2022, there are 803 wilderness areas, totaling approximately 112 million acres, in 44 states and Puerto Rico. Numerous bills to designate additional wilderness areas and to expand existing ones have been introduced and considered in every Congress since the act's passage. The Wilderness Act defined 'wilderness' as an area of undeveloped federal land, among other criteria, but due to differing perceptions of wilderness and its purpose, it did not establish criteria or standards to determine whether an area should be so designated. In general, wilderness areas are undeveloped; commercial activities, motorized access, and roads, structures, and facilities are prohibited in wilderness areas. In response to conflicting demands, however, Congress has granted both general exemptions and specific exceptions to the general standards and prohibitions. Questions persist over the frequency and extent to which federal agencies must review the wilderness potential of their lands, and how those lands should be managed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Riddle, Anne A.; Hoover, Katie
2022-07-29
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Plan to Address the COVID-19 Debt Crises in Poor Countries and Build a Better Sovereign Debt System
From the Document: "Amid the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, a growing number of poor countries are confronting an impossible fiscal choice between servicing greatly increased sovereign debt or spending more to protect the health, education, and livelihoods of their citizens. Today, nearly half of the world's poorest countries are at high risk of or experiencing debt distress. Depending on the length of the health crisis and severity of the global economic downturn, many poor countries could find themselves in a full-blown debt crisis over the next few years. While the world has recently grappled with several high-profile restructurings from Greece to Argentina, the international community is now confronted with the prospect of synchronized debt crises across dozens of countries. Swift and orderly action on international debt is a moral, political, economic, and security imperative for the United States. A series of disorderly and protracted debt crises would be catastrophic for the world's poorest countries. It would add significantly to the damage already wrought by the pandemic, reversing decades of development gains, throwing millions into poverty, and leading to years of lost growth. It would also be costly for the international community and international financial institutions (IFIs), whose shareholders would end up footing a big portion of the bill for collapsing economies. It would amplify political instability, anti-democratic forces, and the risk of conflict in already fragile poor countries, with potential long-run security consequences for the United States. [...] Immediately, the Biden administration will need to take actions to enhance access to liquidity for low-income countries and lower-middle-income countries to avert a full-blown debt crisis."
Center for Global Development
Landers, Clemence
2020-12
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World Bank [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The World Bank, the oldest and largest multilateral development bank, provides financial assistance to developing countries to promote economic development. Established in 1945, the Bank initially focused on providing financing for large infrastructure projects. During the past 75 years, its role has broadened to include poverty reduction efforts through social projects (such as education and health) and policy-based loans. Congress appropriates U.S. financial contributions to the World Bank and exercises oversight of U.S. participation in the Bank."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nelson, Rebecca M.
2022-07-18
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Examining Pandemic Evictions: A Report on Abuses by Four Corporate Landlords During the Coronavirus Crisis
From the Executive Summary: "This staff report presents findings from an investigation conducted by the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis into the eviction filing practices of four large corporate landlords--Pretium Partners (through its companies Progress Residential and Front Yard Residential ) (Pretium), Invitation Homes, Ventron Management (Ventron), and The Siegel Group (Siegel)--during the first 16 months of the coronavirus pandemic. The Select Subcommittee launched an investigation into these companies' eviction and rental assistance practices in July 2021 following reports indicating that they had filed to evict tenants at high rates despite the existence of federal eviction moratoriums and Congress' appropriation of more than $46 billion in federal rental assistance."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Oversight and Reform. Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis
2022-07
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Atlas Dogma: The Trump Administration's Embrace of a Dangerous and Discredited Herd Immunity Via Mass Infection Strategy
From the Executive Summary: "For the past two years, the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis has been investigating the federal government's response to the coronavirus pandemic to ensure the American people receive a full accounting of what went wrong and to determine what corrective steps are necessary to ensure our nation is better prepared for any future public health crisis. To those ends, the Select Subcommittee has conducted an exhaustive investigation into the extent to which senior Trump Administration officials undermined the federal public health response in an attempt to advance former President Donald Trump's perceived political interests. This report is the first installment of the Select Subcommittee's findings showing that the Trump Administration's political interference was rampant and degraded every major facet of the nation's public health response during the first year of the pandemic."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Oversight and Reform. Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis
2022-06
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'We Had Our Hand in the Cookie Jar': The Trump Administration's $700 Million 'National Security' Loan to Yellow Corporation
From the Executive Summary: "This staff report presents findings from an investigation conducted by the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis into the Trump Administration's $700 million loan to trucking company YRC Worldwide Inc. (now named Yellow Corporation) under a Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act program designed to ensure continued operation of companies 'critical to maintaining national security.' The loan to Yellow Corporation (Yellow) made up 95% of the total funds disbursed under the national security loan program. The Select Subcommittee launched this investigation in June 2021 following reports that Yellow may not have been eligible for the loan and may have misused the funds it received. The Select Subcommittee's investigation has uncovered troubling evidence that Trump Administration political appointees flagrantly disregarded an assessment by career Department of Defense (DOD) industrial base experts that the company should not be certified under the CARES Act as 'critical to maintaining national security' and provided generous loan terms that violated CARES Act risk and interest rate requirements. Evidence obtained by the Select Subcommittee suggests that these decisions were driven by the White House and President Trump himself."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Oversight and Reform. Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis
2022-04-27
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Telecommuting and Work in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Workers Returning to the Workplace or Staying in Their Home Offices?
rom the Webpage: "We know from previous RAND Corporation research [hyperlink] that the ability to work from home protected jobs at the onset of stay-at-home orders in early spring 2020; by May, only 6 percent of workers who had the option to telecommute prior to the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had lost their jobs compared with about 25 percent of workers who did not have that option. But is telecommuting still protective of employment months later? And is the nature of telecommuting changing? Answers to these questions depend on what kinds of jobs workers had before the pandemic. In the first week of May, the middle of June, and the middle of September 2020, we fielded surveys in the nationally representative RAND American Life Panel (ALP) to explore how workers' lives changed as a result of the pandemic. We focus on the 1,015 individuals who were working for pay or profit in February 2020 and who responded to all three survey waves."
RAND Corporation
Armour, Philip; Carman, Katherine Grace; Mullen, Kathleen J. . . .
2020
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CBO Paper: Federal Reinsurance for Terrorism Risks: Issues in Reauthorization
From the Summary and Introduction: "The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, cost insurers of all types nearly $36 billion in insured losses, reducing both their financial ability and willingness to cover future acts of terrorism. Global reinsurers-private firms that purchase portions of the policies and premium income generated by other insurers-covered the majority of losses but subsequently limited the availability of that coverage sharply or priced it at such elevated rates that it was virtually unattainable. With the exit of private reinsurers from the marketplace and the reluctance of primary insurers to assume risk for acts of terrorism, the insurance industry began to show signs of disruption, which had the potential to reduce economic activity. In response to that market contraction, lawmakers passed the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) in November 2002. Intended as a temporary measure, the law was designed to help insurers recover from the economic shock of covering catastrophic losses and to give the industry time to develop more accurate ways of modeling terrorism risk. Another motivating factor was that the inability of private firms to obtain terrorism coverage seemed to exacerbate an already existing slowdown in the construction industry and a related loss of jobs. The TRIA program provided federal reinsurance to private insurers, increasing the availability of coverage and lowering the price of obtaining such coverage. Because the market disruption was expected to be short-lived, TRIA was set to expire at the end of calendar year 2005, and federal reinsurance was offered without charge."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Torregrosa, David
2007-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2773, Biofuels Research and Development Enhancement Act
From the Summary: "H.R. 2773 would authorize the appropriation of $963 million in 2010 for the Department of Energy (DOE) to research and develop renewable energy technologies. The bill also would authorize $75 million over the 2008-2010 period for DOE to make grants to certain institutions of higher education to research and develop biofuel production technologies. Moreover, H.R. 2773 would authorize additional funding for systems biology (the study of the structural and functional design of organisms) and bioenergy programs from amounts authorized in 2008 and 2009 under current law. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 2773 would cost $16 million in 2008 and about $1 billion over the 2008-2012 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized funds. Enacting H.R. 2773 would have no effect on direct spending or revenues. H.R. 2773 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would benefit state and local governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-07-05
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2701, Transportation Energy Security and Climate Change Mitigation Act of 2007
From the Summary: "H.R. 2701 would authorize the appropriation of about $3.3 billion for programs to reduce environmental emissions from a variety of modes of transportation and to increase the energy efficiency of certain buildings operated by the federal government. The bill would establish several new grant programs to be administered by the Department of Transportation (DOT) for public transportation entities, rail carriers, and certain shippers. The bill also would establish a new commission on water resources and would implement provisions of a treaty to prevent pollution from ships. Further, the bill would require the Architect of the Capitol (AOC), the Department of Energy (DOE), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and the Army Corps of Engineers to complete studies and reports regarding global warming and energy efficiency. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the bill would incur discretionary costs of $220 million in 2008, $2.6 billion over the 2008-2012 period, and $0.6 billion after 2012, assuming the appropriation of the necessary amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-07-18
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2844, Food Security and Agricultural Development Act of 2007
From the Summary: "H.R. 2844 would amend trade promotion and food assistance programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and extend the authorization for those programs, generally through 2012. The bill would increase spending limits and authorize new purposes for spending from the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). H.R. 2844 also would authorize the appropriation of funds for several programs through 2012. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that enacting H.R. 2844 would increase direct spending by $159 million in 2008, about $1.5 billion over the 2008-2012 period, and more than $3.5 billion over the 2008-2017 period. Additionally, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 2844 would have discretionary costs of $1.3 billion in 2008 and $10.7 billion over the 2008-2012 period, assuming appropriation of the estimated amounts. Enacting the bill would not affect revenues."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-07-17
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2722, Integrated Deepwater Program Reform Act
From the Summary: "H.R. 2722 addresses the contracting practices used by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) for the Integrated Deepwater Program (IDP), a 25-year, $24 billion initiative to replace many of the agency's vessels, aircraft, and other assets. Assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the USCG would spend $5 million over the next two years for additional contracting personnel and to develop a life-cycle cost estimate for the IDP, as required by the legislation. That increase in spending would probably be more than offset by savings in future years."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-07-17
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1138, Nuclear Safeguards and Supply Act of 2007
"S. 1138 would authorize the appropriation of $10 million for a contribution to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to refurbish or replace the IAEA Safeguards Analytical Laboratory. Additionally, the bill would authorize the Secretary of State to pursue a program to develop better safeguards for the civilian use of nuclear energy to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons. The bill also would authorize the President to develop a process by which nuclear fuel could be provided to other countries in the event of a disruption in the market supply."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-07-20
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Buy American Act and Other Federal Procurement Domestic Content Restrictions [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Summary: "Federal law imposes a number of restrictions requiring federal agencies to acquire items that are produced or manufactured in the United States. The Buy American Act of 1933 (BAA), the first of the major domestic content restriction laws, requires federal agencies to apply a price preference for 'domestic end products' and use 'domestic construction materials' for covered contracts performed in the United States. Whether an end product (i.e., an article, material, or supply to be acquired for public use) is considered domestic for BAA purposes depends, in part, upon whether it is unmanufactured or manufactured and whether it 'consist[s] wholly or predominately of iron or steel.' Federal law establishes a number of 'exceptions' or circumstances in which an agency may purchase foreign end products or permit the use of foreign construction materials without violating the BAA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carpenter, David Hatcher; Murrill, Brandon J.
2022-07-18
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CBO Testimony: Estimated Costs of U.S. Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and of Other Activities Related to the War on Terrorism: Statement of Robert A. Sunshine, Assistant Director for Budget Analysis, Before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives, July 31, 2007
"At the request of the Chairman of this Committee, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has tabulated the funding provided through July 2007 for military and diplomatic operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and for other activities related to the war on terrorism, as well as for related costs incurred by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for medical care, disability compensation, and survivors' benefits. CBO has also estimated the budgetary resources needed to finance the recent increase in the number of troops deployed to Iraq and has projected the total cost over the next 10 years of funding operations in support of the war on terrorism under scenarios specified by the Chairman. Since September 2001, the Congress has appropriated $602 billion for military operations and other activities related to Iraq, Afghanistan, and the war on terrorism. In addition, although not explicitly appropriated for that purpose, an estimated $2 billion has been spent by the VA for war-related benefits. Specific appropriations, which averaged about $93 billion a year from 2003 through 2005, have risen to $120 billion in 2006 and $170 billion in 2007. According to CBO's estimates, about $533 billion of the appropriated sums has been allocated for U.S. military operations and other activities carried out by the Department of Defense (DoD). The department's 2007 appropriation for those purposes-$165 billion-accounts for more than a quarter of its budget for the year."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Sunshine, Robert A.
2007-07-31
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China Primer: Illicit Fentanyl and China's Role [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "Addressing illicit fentanyl in the context of the ongoing opioid crisis in the United States is a domestic and foreign policy issue for the 117th Congress. In addressing the international dimensions of the problem, policymakers have endeavored to stop foreign-sourced fentanyl, fentanyl-related substances (i.e., analogues and precursor chemicals), and emerging synthetic opioids from entering the United States. U.S. counternarcotics policy has included a focus on reducing fentanyl and fentanyl precursor flows from the People's Republic of China (PRC, or China). Despite some early successes, cooperation with the PRC appears to have waned in recent years, consistent with an overall deterioration in U.S.-China relations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosen, Liana W.; Barrios, Ricardo; Lawrence, Susan V.
2022-07-18
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Letter from CBO Director Peter R. Orszag to Honorable John D. Rockefeller IV Regarding [S. 1547, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008] [July 2, 2007]
This is a letter from Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Director Peter R. Orszag to Senator John D. Rockefeller IV, Chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence regarding S. 1547. From the letter: "CBO has reviewed S. 1547, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, as ordered reported by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on June 26, 2007. We conclude that the costs of implementing that bill are identical to the costs estimated by CBO for S. 1547 as reported by the Senate Committee on Armed Services on June 5, 2007. The enclosed table contains a summary of those costs. For a more detailed explanation of CBO's analysis, see the cost estimate for S. 1547 transmitted by CBO on June 21, 2007. S. 1547, as ordered reported by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, would authorize appropriations totaling $629 billion for fiscal year 2008 for the military functions of the Department of Defense (DoD), for activities of the Department of Energy (DOE), and for other purposes. That total includes $128 billion for military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. In addition, S. 1547 would prescribe personnel strengths for each active-duty and selected reserve component of the U.S. armed forces. CBO estimates that appropriation of the authorized amounts would result in additional outlays of $621 billion over the 2008-2012 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Orszag, Peter R.
2007-07-02
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1785, A Bill to Amend the Clean Air Act to Establish Deadlines by Which the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Shall Issue a Decision on Whether to Grant Certain Waivers of Preemption Under That Act
"S. 1785 would require the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue certain decisions within deadlines established by the bill. Those decisions concern whether states should be granted waivers to preempt federal standards for motor vehicle emissions. The bill would require EPA to issue a decision on any requests for waivers that were submitted before January 31, 2006, and are still pending on the date of enactment of S. 1785, no later than September 30, 2007. Any subsequent requests for waivers would require a determination by EPA within 180 days after the agency receives the request."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-08-10
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CBO Testimony: The Status of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund: Statement of Peter R. Orszag, Director, Before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, July 12, 2007
From Peter R. Orsag's testimony: "My testimony today makes the following main points: By the end of fiscal year 2007, the Airport and Airway Trust Fund is expected to have an uncommitted balance--that is, sums that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is not yet authorized to obligate--of $1.6 billion. […] Under assumptions, included in the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO's) baseline projections, that current law remains in place and that appropriations grow at the rate of inflation, total annual spending by the FAA would increase from $15 billion in 2007 to $19 billion in 2017. […] Congestion has increased and delays have reached record levels, as the number of passengers has grown in recent years and as airlines have chosen to meet consumer demand by flying smaller aircraft more frequently on some routes. […] The FAA's proposal for substantial investments in a new air traffic control system to meet the rising demand for air travel has two important components. […] The Congress currently faces decisions about how best to link the mechanisms for financing air traffic control services to the cost of providing those services, including the cost of congestion and delays incurred by airlines and their passengers."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Orszag, Peter R.
2007-07-12
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1400, Iran Counter-Proliferation Act of 2007
From the Summary: "H.R. 1400 would authorize the appropriation of funds for two specific programs within the Department of Treasury relating to financial crimes and terrorism. The bill also would authorize an exchange program with Iran. Additionally, the bill would ban the import of certain items from Iran and would allow the President to impose sanctions on certain individuals. Finally, the bill would prohibit the transfer of nuclear material, components, or technology to countries that are assisting Iran to develop nuclear technology. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 1400 would cost $116 million in 2008 and $490 million over the 2008-2012 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary funds. In addition, enacting the bill would reduce revenues by less than $500,000 in 2008, by $2 million over the 2008-2012 period, and by $4 million over the 2008-2017 period. Enacting H.R. 1400 would not affect direct spending. H.R. 1400 contains no intergovernmental mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments. H.R. 1400 would impose private-sector mandates, as defined in UMRA, by requiring sanctions on certain imports and exports with Iran. Based on information from the Departments of Commerce and State, CBO expects that the direct cost of complying with the mandates would fall below the annual threshold for private-sector mandates established by UMRA ($131 million in 2007, adjusted annually for inflation)."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-07-11
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2547, FDIC Enforcement Enhancement Act
"H.R. 2547 would authorize the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to take civil action against any person who falsely asserts or suggests that any funds or assets are insured or guaranteed by the agency. Under current law, financial institutions are subject to FDIC sanctions for such false advertising or misrepresentation, and other persons are subject to criminal penalties for the misuse of agency names or titles, which are enforced by the Attorney General of the United States. H.R. 2547 would expand enforcement by making all such practices a violation of deposit insurance laws and allowing the FDIC to issue cessation orders and impose civil penalties of up to $1 million for each day the violation occurs. Based on information from the FDIC, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing this bill would have no significant effect on the agency's costs, which are funded directly by deposit insurance premiums. Any civil penalties collected as a result of this legislation would increase revenues, but CBO estimates that any such annual collections would be negligible. Thus, we estimate that enacting this bill would have no significant effect on direct spending or revenues. H.R. 2547 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-07-12
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Election Worker Safety and Privacy [Updated August 1, 2022]
From the Document: "Concerns about election workers' safety and privacy have been reported following the 2020 election [hyperlink], in news reports and testimony before House and Senate committees. Some election workers have raised concerns about physical safety while performing official duties, as well as more general threats outside the workplace or related psychological effects. These threats, along with a perceived increase in politically motivated job scrutiny, have led some to leave, or consider leaving, their roles. This Insight provides a brief overview of recent developments, legislative proposals, and policy considerations related to election worker safety and privacy"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Eckman, Sarah J.; Shanton, Karen L.
2022-08-01
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Dark Web: An Overview [July 22, 2022]
From the Document: "Many observers of the World Wide Web (web) have described it as having layers. One layer, the 'surface web', contains indexed content easily accessible with a traditional search engine such as Google. Another layer, the 'deep web', contains unindexed content that cannot be accessed with a simple Google search. Within the deep web is a segment known as the 'dark web'--a layer where content is intentionally concealed. The dark web may be used for legitimate purposes as well as to conceal criminal or otherwise malicious activities. It is the exploitation of the dark web for illegal practices that has garnered particular interest from law enforcement officials and policymakers."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Finklea, Kristin M.
2022-07-22
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Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA): Background and Funding [Updated July 27, 2022]
From the Summary: "Family violence broadly refers to acts of physical and sexual violence perpetrated by individuals against family members. The federal government has responded to various forms of family violence, including violence involving spouses and other intimate partners, children, and the elderly. The focus of this report is on the federal response to domestic violence under the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA). 'Domestic violence' is used in the report to describe violence among intimate partners, including those involved in dating relationships. Generally speaking, victims tend to be women, although a sizable share of men are also victimized. A 2015 survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that approximately one-third of women and men had experienced sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking in their lifetimes. It showed that women were more likely than men to have experienced contact sexual violence (18% vs. 8%), stalking (10% vs. 2%), and severe physical violence (21% vs. 15%). Women were also more likely than men to report an impact related to partner violence over their lifetimes (25% vs 11%). Such impacts included having injuries, being fearful, being concerned for their safety, missing work or school, needing medical care, or needing help from law enforcement."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Billings, Kara Clifford
2022-07-27
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Navy DDG-51 and DDG-1000 Destroyer Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report presents background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Navy's Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) and Zumwalt (DDG-1000) class destroyer programs. The Navy began procuring DDG-51s, also known as Aegis destroyers, in FY1985, and a total of 89 have been procured through FY2022, including two in FY2022. The Navy procured three DDG-1000 class destroyers in FY2007-FY2009 and plans no further procurement of DDG-1000s. The Navy's FY2023 budget requests the procurement of two DDG-51s in FY2023. The Navy's FY2023 budget submission also requests and multiyear procurement (MYP) contract for DDG51s scheduled for procurement in FY2023-FY2027. Potential issues for Congress for the DDG-51 program in FY2023 include the number of firm ships to include in an MYP contract for the DDG-51 program for FY2023-FY2027, the Navy's future force-level goal for large surface combatants (or LSCs, meaning cruisers and destroyers), and how the Navy proposes to transition several years from now from procurement of DDG-51s to procurement of a successor destroyer design now in development called the DDG(X). Decisions that Congress makes on these issues could substantially affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
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Navy Constellation (FFG-62) Class Frigate Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 25, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and discusses potential issues for Congress regarding the Navy's Constellation (FFG-62) class frigate program, a program to procure a new class of 20 guided-missile frigates (FFGs). The Navy's proposed FY2023 budget requests the procurement of the fourth ship in the program. The FFG-62 program presents several potential oversight issues for Congress. Congress's decisions on the program could affect Navy capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-07-25
