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Haiti on the Brink: Assessing U.S. Policy Toward a Country in Crisis, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Civilian Security, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, First Session, December 10, 2019
This is the December 10, 2019 hearing on "Haiti on the Brink: Assessing U.S. Policy Toward a Country in Crisis," held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Civilian Security, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Albio Sires: "This hearing comes at a critical time for Haiti. For much of the past year, that country has been gripped by a political and economic crisis. Many factors are contributing to this concerning situation. [...] This hearing is also about assessing U.S. policy and foreign assistance programs. I know that we have dedicated staff working for USAID [United States Agency for International Development] and the State Department in Haiti who are trying to help improve the situation in the country, but I believe we need to think critically about how we can better support the Haitian people. [...] I hope that this hearing enables us to have an honest discussion about the extent to which our current policy is helping combat corruption, tackle poverty, and promote human rights and the rule of law in Haiti. And I look forward to a bipartisan conversation about what more can be done to help the Haitian people." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Pierre Esperance, Emmanuela Douyon, Daniel Erikson, Leonie Marie Hermantin, and Antonio Garrastazu.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022
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U.S. Policy in the Sahel Region, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, First Session, November 14, 2019
This is the November 14, 2019 hearing on "U.S. Policy in the Sahel Region," held before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Karen Bass: "I have been concerned about the Sahel region for some time, mostly because of the ongoing and increasing violence and what I previously thought was an expanding U.S. military presence in the region. What I am most concerned about was making sure that we were balancing diplomacy and development with the U.S. defense engagement. Over the past decade, many countries in the Sahel region have experienced unanticipated political transitions caused by local dissatisfaction with political elites in worsening governing conditions. [...] I look forward to hearing from the witnesses about the safety and security of U.S. Government personnel in the region, and members of the codel also heard that there are in some countries numerous positions that are unfilled within the embassies, and so leaving them short-staffed and them feeling like they really were not able to address the conditions that they confronted, the reasons why they were there, and would love to hear your thoughts on that as well. [...] Members of Congress on both sides want to see extreme violence in the Sahel decrease, and we are here to listen and to see how you might provide us insights and recommendations as to how we move forward." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Whitney Baird and Cheryl Anderson.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022
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China's Internet of Things
"The Internet of Things (IoT)--the interconnection of physical and virtual things via information and communication technologies--is emerging as the next front in global network infrastructure, with potentially transformative benefits across a range of applications and services. Due to its potential adoption in essentially all economic sectors, analysts expect the IoT to expand exponentially over the next few years, ultimately involving billions of connected devices and dozens or more vertical markets around the world. However, pressing questions about the IoT's operation, safety, and security have yet to be answered. What international standards will guide the development of IoT technologies and supporting infrastructure like 5G networks? How secure is the IoT and what are the risks of its vulnerabilities? How will U.S. consumer data be used and protected here and abroad? China features prominently in all of these issues, and its drive to become a leader in the IoT poses sobering challenges to U.S. economic and security interests. This report examines how China's development of the IoT--bolstered by the Chinese government's efforts to harness national resources for its promotion--has put China in a position to credibly compete against the United States and other leaders in the emerging IoT industry. China's pursuit of IoT dominance constitutes a significant challenge to U.S. economic and national security interests. Its robust participation in international standards committees has given Beijing greater opportunities to dictate the rules of the road. Its research into IoT security vulnerabilities and its growing civil-military cooperation raise concerns about gaining unauthorized access to IoT devices and sensitive data."
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Chen, John, 1989-; Walz, Emily; Lafferty, Brian . . .
2018-10
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Statutory Restrictions on the Position of Secretary of Defense: Issues for Congress [January 5, 2017]
"The proposed nomination of General (Ret.) James Mattis, United States Marine Corps (hereafter referred to as 'General Mattis'), who retired from the military in 2013, to be Secretary of Defense requires both houses of Congress to consider whether and how to suspend--or remove--a provision contained in Title 10 U.S.C. [US Code] §113 that states, 'A person may not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within seven years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force.' [...] In response to the proposed nomination of General Mattis to the position of Secretary of Defense, Congress established special 'fast track' procedures governing Senate consideration of a bill or joint resolution which would suspend the existing seven-year restriction (Section 179 of the Further Continuing and Security Assistance Appropriations Act, 2017). Accordingly, there are at least three basic options that Congress may pursue as it considers the issue of General Mattis's nomination, [as discussed in this report]. [...] Historically, the restriction relating to the prior military service of the Secretary of Defense appears to be a product of congressional concern about preserving the principle of civilian control of the military. [...] Nearly 67 years later, the proposed nomination of General Mattis has again generated a debate amongst policymakers, scholars, and practitioners regarding what civilian control of the military means in a contemporary context, and how to best uphold that principle."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2017-01-05
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U.S. Killing of Qasem Soleimani: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated January 13, 2020]
From the Document: "The January 2, 2020, U.S. killing in Iraq of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force (IRGC-QF) Commander Qasem Soleimani, generally regarded as one of the most powerful and important officials in Iran, has potentially dramatic implications for the United States. For Congress, it raises possible questions about U.S. policy in the Middle East, broader U.S. global strategy, U.S. relations with partners and allies, the authorization and legality of U.S. military action abroad, U.S. measures to protect its servicemembers and diplomatic personnel, and congressional oversight of these and related issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); Katzman, Kenneth; Blanchard, Christopher M. . . .
2020-01-13
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U.S.-Iran Conflict and Implications for U.S. Policy [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "Since May 2019, U.S.-Iran tensions have heightened significantly, and evolved into conflict after U.S. military forces killed Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) and one of Iran's most important military commanders, in a U.S. airstrike in Baghdad on January 2, 2020. In 2018, the Trump Administration withdrew from the 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement with Iran (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA), and since mid-2019 has taken several steps in its campaign of applying 'maximum pressure' on Iran. Apparently in response to the maximum pressure campaign, Iran and Iran-linked forces have attacked and seized commercial ships, caused destruction of some critical infrastructure in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, attacked facilities used by U.S. military personnel in Iraq, and downed a U.S. unmanned aerial vehicle. As part of an effort its leaders term 'maximum resistance,' Iran has also reduced its compliance with the provisions of the JCPOA. The Administration has been deploying additional military assets to the region to try to deter future Iranian actions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth; Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-01-06
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U.S.-Iran Tensions and Implications for U.S. Policy [Updated September 23, 2019]
From the Document: "Since May 2019, U.S.-Iran tensions have escalated significantly, but have stopped short of erupting into armed conflict. The Trump Administration, following its 2018 withdrawal from the 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement with Iran (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA), has taken several steps in its campaign of applying 'maximum pressure' on Iran. Iran and Iranlinked forces have attacked and seized commercial ships, caused destruction of some critical infrastructure in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and posed threats to U.S. forces and interests, including downing a U.S. unmanned aerial vehicle. Iran has exceeded some nuclear limitations stipulated in the JCPOA. The Administration has sent additional military assets to the region to try to deter future Iranian actions and has continued to impose additional U.S. sanctions on Iran."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth; Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); McInnis, Kathleen J.
2019-09-23
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U.S. Killing of Qasem Soleimani: Frequently Asked Questions [January 8, 2020]
From the Document: "The January 2, 2020, U.S. killing in Iraq of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force (IRGC-QF) Commander Qasem Soleimani, generally regarded as one of the most powerful and important officials in Iran, has potentially dramatic implications for the United States. For Congress, it raises possible questions about U.S. policy in the Middle East, broader U.S. global strategy, U.S. relations with partners and allies, the authorization and legality of U.S. military action abroad, U.S. measures to protect its service members and diplomatic personnel, and congressional oversight of these and related issues. This report provides background information in response to some frequently asked questions related to the strike and its aftermath."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); Katzman, Kenneth; Blanchard, Christopher M. . . .
2020-01-08
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2019-2020 Iran Crisis and U.S. Military Deployments [January 9, 2020]
From the Document: "The January 2, 2020, U.S. drone strike against Iranian Major General Qasem Soleimani, the subsequent Iranian counter-strike on bases hosting U.S. personnel in Iraq, and recent deployments of U.S. military forces to the Middle East have prompted widespread concerns about whether the United States is preparing to engage in another major military campaign in the region. Yet at present, the flow of additional forces into the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) area of responsibility (AOR) suggests that the Department of Defense (DOD) is posturing itself in the region defensively, with the ability to respond to aggression, if necessary. The design of this posture may be altered should there be changes to security or political conditions on the ground, or political objectives for the region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-01-09
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Defender Europe 20 Military Exercise, Historical (REFORGER) Exercises, and U.S. Force Posture in Europe [January 14, 2020]
From the Document: "On October 7, 2019, the U.S. Army announced it would conduct the largest U.S.-based exercise of forces deploying to Europe in the past 25 years: Defender Europe 20. While some have compared it to annual Cold War-era REFORGER [Return of Forces to Germany] military exercises, the Army suggests that while similar, Defender Europe 20 will be a more complex exercise than historical REFORGER exercises in terms of logistics, multinational command and control, and multidomain operations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew; McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-01-14
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Defense Primer: The Department of Defense [Updated December 20, 2018]
Form the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) was established after World War II through the 1947 National Security Act. At the time, some, including President Truman, took the view that the different components of the U.S. military had been insufficiently integrated to wage World War II effectively. The intention of the 1947 Act was therefore to create, for the first time, an integrated institution that combined the Departments of War and Navy, and to establish a policy architecture for overseeing the newly reorganized military apparatus. Over time, DOD has grown into one of the largest bureaucracies in the world, comprising over 3 million employees stationed across the United States and around the globe."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2018-12-20
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Defense Primer: The Department of Defense [Updated January 24, 2020]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) was established after World War II through the 1947 National Security Act. At the time, some, including President Truman, took the view that the different components of the U.S. military had been insufficiently integrated to wage World War II effectively. The intention of the 1947 Act was therefore to create, for the first time, an integrated institution that combined the Departments of War and Navy, and to establish a policy architecture for overseeing the newly reorganized military apparatus. Over time, DOD has grown into one of the largest bureaucracies in the world, comprising over 3 million employees stationed across the United States and around the globe."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-01-24
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Defense Primer: Commanding U.S. Military Operations [Updated January 24, 2020]
From the Document: "Military operations, both in peacetime and in war, are an inherently complex undertaking. One key to success, therefore, is a clear, unified chain of command. This enables senior leaders in the U.S. government--in particular, the President and the Secretary of Defense--to command and control military forces around the world."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-01-24
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Fact Sheet: FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) DOD Reform Proposals [May 18, 2017]
"This fact sheet is intended to offer Members information on extant Department of Defense (DOD) reform proposals being considered during the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act debates. As such, it includes key provisions incorporated in H.R. 4909, the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) reported by the House Armed Services Committee on May 4, 2016 (H.Rept. 114-537), and S. 2943, the FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act reported by the Senate Armed Services Committee on May 18, 2016 (S.Rept. 114-255). Wherever possible, it also includes the Administration's views. For more information on the defense reform debates, see CRS Report R44474, Goldwater-Nichols at 30: Defense Reform and Issues for Congress, by Kathleen J. McInnis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2017-05-18
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Strategic Competition and Foreign Policy: What is 'Political Warfare'? [March 8, 2019]
From the Document: "In recent years, scholars have formed a consensus around the notion that the United States has reentered an international strategic competition with other great powers, notably Russia and China. This great power competition has political, economic and military dimensions, with potentially far-reaching implications for U.S. foreign and national security policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.; Weiss, Martin A.
2019-03-08
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Toward the Creation of a U.S. 'Space Force' [August 16, 2018]
"For over two decades, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) and others have found that fragmentation and overlap in national security space acquisition management and oversight have contributed to program delays and cancellations, cost increases, and inefficient operations. Congress has attempted numerous organizational and acquisition reforms to address these problems. In the view of many observers, these efforts have generally been unsuccessful. In addition to these perceived managerial deficits, Congress has more recently expressed concern over the slow pace with which the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Air Force have addressed the growing threat to U.S. national security in space from adversaries, particularly Russia and China, and to a lesser extent North Korea and Iran. Some in the military and elsewhere now increasingly refer to space as a 'warfighting domain'; once seen as peaceful and uncontested, space is now viewed as crowded and adversarial."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer; Kapp, Lawrence; McInnis, Kathleen J.
2018-08-16
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Trump Administration Changes to the National Security Council: Frequently Asked Questions [January 30, 2017]
"On January 28, 2017, the Trump Administration issued National Security Presidential Memorandum (NSPM) 2: Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council. The memorandum details how the executive branch intends to manage and coordinate national and homeland security issues among relevant departments and agencies. In keeping with the practices of prior administrations, the White House issued the memorandum early in its tenure. Since the memorandum was signed, some media reports have incorrectly characterized the manner in which the Trump administration appears to be organizing itself to manage national security matters. These FAQs are intended to clarify the terms and structures associated with the National Security Council (NSC)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.; Rollins, John
2017-01-30
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Defense Primer: The Department of Defense [December 13, 2016]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) was established after World War II through the 1947 National Security Act. At the time, some, including President Truman, took the view that the different components of the U.S. military had been insufficiently integrated to wage World War II effectively. The intention of the 1947 Act was therefore to create, for the first time, an integrated institution that combined the Departments of War and Navy, and to establish a policy architecture for overseeing the newly reorganized military apparatus. Over time, DOD has grown into one of the largest bureaucracies in the world, comprising over 3 million employees stationed across the United States and around the globe."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2016-12-13
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2018 National Defense Strategy [February 5, 2018]
"On January 19, 2018, Secretary of Defense Mattis released the unclassified summary of the Department of Defense's (DOD) first congressionally mandated National Defense Strategy (NDS). In addition to stating DOD's approach to contending with current and emerging national security challenges, the NDS is also intended to articulate the overall strategic rationale for programs and priorities contained within the FY2019-FY2023 budget requests. Overall, the document maintains that the strategic environment in which the United States must operate is one characterized by the erosion of the rules-based international order, which has produced a degree of strategic complexity and volatility not seen 'in recent memory' (p. 1). As a result, the document argues, the United States must bolster its competitive military advantage--which the NDS sees as having eroded in recent decades--relative to the threats posed by China and Russia. It further maintains that 'inter-state strategic competition, not terrorism, is now the primary concern in U.S. national security.' (p. 1)"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2018-02-05
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2017 National Security Strategy: Issues for Congress [December 19, 2017]
"On December 18, 2017, the Trump Administration released its first National Security Strategy (NSS). The document maintains that, in addition to the threats posed to the United States by rogue regimes and violent extremist organizations that have been a central focus of national security policy since the end of the Cold War, great power rivalry and competition have once again become a central feature of the international security landscape. To advance U.S. interests effectively within this strategic context, the Administration argues, the United States must improve domestic American security and bolster economic competitiveness while rebuilding its military."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2017-12-19
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Evaluating Possible U.S. Troop Withdrawals from Hostile Areas [February 1, 2019]
"On December 19, 2018, President Trump announced his intention to withdraw U.S. forces from Syria within 30 days, although Administration officials subsequently suggested that the process could take several months. Subsequent press articles indicated that the White House is also considering withdrawing 'up to half' of U.S. forces in Afghanistan in the coming months, although at the time of writing the Trump Administration has stated it has not yet ordered any such withdrawal. More recently, the United States has been negotiating with Afghan Taliban representatives regarding the conditions upon which, if met, American forces might withdraw from Afghanistan. Opinions vary as whether these negotiations might lead to a successful settlement. Regardless, the suggestion that the United States might curtail its military operational commitment to those theaters raises a number of issues which may be of interest to Congress. In particular, from a strategic perspective, when is a withdrawal from a military operation appropriate?"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2019-02-01
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Defense Primer: Commanding U.S. Military Operations [December 20, 2018]
From the Document: "Military operations, both in peacetime and in war, are an inherently complex undertaking. One key to success, therefore, is a clear, unified chain of command. This enables senior leaders in the U.S. government--in particular, the President and the Secretary of Defense--to command and control military forces around the world."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2018-12-20
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Defense Primer: Commanding U.S. Military Operations [December 13, 2016]
From the Document: "Military operations, both in peacetime and in war, are an inherently complex undertaking. One key to success, therefore, is a clear, unified chain of command. This enables senior leaders in the U.S. government--in particular, the President and the Secretary of Defense--to command and control military forces around the world."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2016-12-13
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COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment -- Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress [Updated May 28, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Some observers argue the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic could be a world-changing event with potentially profound and long-lasting implications for the international security environment and the U.S. role in the world. Other observers are more skeptical that the COVID-19 pandemic will have such effects. This report provides a brief overview of some potential implications the COVID-19 pandemic might have for the international security environment and the U.S. role in the world, and a bibliography of CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports and other writings for further reading. Issues for Congress may include whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic could change the international security environment, whether the Trump Administration's actions for responding to such change are appropriate and sufficient, and what implications such change could have for the role of Congress in setting and overseeing the execution of U.S. foreign and defense policy. Congress's decisions regarding these issues could have significant and even profound implications for U.S. foreign and defense policy, and for the status of Congress as a co-equal branch relative to the executive branch in setting and overseeing the implementation of U.S. foreign and defense policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald; McInnis, Kathleen J.; Moodie, Michael, 1948-
2020-05-28
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COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment-- Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress [Updated May 8, 2020]
From the Summary: "Some observers argue the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic could be a world-changing event with potentially profound and long-lasting implications for the international security environment and the U.S. role in the world. Other observers are more skeptical that the COVID-19 pandemic will have such effects. Observers who argue the COVID-19 pandemic could be world-changing for the international security environment and the U.S. role in the world have focused on several areas of potential change. [...] Issues for Congress may include whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic could change the international security environment, whether the Trump Administration's actions for responding to such change are appropriate and sufficient, and what implications such change could have for the role of Congress in setting and overseeing the execution of U.S. foreign and defense policy. Congress's decisions regarding these issues could have significant and even profound implications for U.S. foreign and defense policy, and for the status of Congress as a co-equal branch relative to the executive branch in setting and overseeing the implementation of U.S. foreign and defense policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald; McInnis, Kathleen J.; Moodie, Michael, 1948-
2020-05-08
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U.S.-Iran Conflict and Implications for U.S. Policy [Updated May 8, 2020]
From the Document: "Since May 2019, U.S.-Iran tensions have heightened significantly, and evolved into conflict after U.S. military forces killed Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) and one of Iran's most important military commanders, in a U.S. airstrike in Baghdad on January 3, 2020. The United States and Iran have appeared to be on the brink of additional hostilities since, as attacks by Iran-backed groups on bases in Iraq inhabited by U.S. forces have continued."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth; Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-05-08
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United States European Command: Overview and Key Issues [Updated February 13, 2020]
From the History: "The collapse of the Soviet Union led to a withdrawal of the bulk of forward-deployed U.S. troops in the European theater. Decisions to do so were arguably based on a number of strategic assumptions held by successive administrations after the end of the Cold War, including that: [1] Europe could be stable, whole, and free; [2] Russia could be a constructive partner in the Euro-Atlantic security architecture; and [3] particularly prior to September 11, 2001, threats posed by terrorism and migration from the Middle East/North Africa region were limited. EUCOM [United States European Command] subsequently focused its activities on non-warfighting missions, including building the security capacity and capability of former Soviet bloc states, prosecuting 'crisis management' operations in the Balkans, and logistically supporting other combatant commands (by providing, in particular, critical medical evacuation facilities at Landstuhl), including U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) and U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM). Over the past 25 years, decisions regarding U.S. basing and posture in the European theater have largely reflected these assumptions. The bulk of U.S. forces in Europe have been withdrawn and many bases and outposts were either consolidated or closed. However, two Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) were retained (in Italy and Germany) as were some naval bases, particularly those along NATO's southern flank, and a number of Air Force bases that were deemed critical for supporting operations in the Middle East, Africa and Europe."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.; McGarry, Brendan W.
2020-02-13
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Overview: The Department of Defense and COVID-19 [March 31, 2020]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) is one of many U.S. government agencies participating in the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)-led COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] national response framework. As developments unfold, interest has grown regarding what DOD might be able to contribute to the U.S. government's COVID-19 response. On March 24, 2020, Secretary of Defense Esper stated that DOD's top COVID-19 priorities are protecting the Defense Department's people, maintaining military readiness, and supporting the whole-of-government interagency response. With respect to whole-of-government response, below is a non-exhaustive survey of some DOD capabilities that might be applied to the current situation if directed to do so."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-03-31
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COVID-19: National Security and Defense Strategy [April 30, 2020]
From the Document: "The outbreak of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has prompted questions about U.S. national security and crisis preparedness. Inherent to those discussions are broader, foundational questions about how the United States government conceptualizes national security, and the currently held view by many of the relative prioritization of the Department of Defense (DOD) over other instruments of national power."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-04-30
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United States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) [March 17, 2020]
From the Document: "United States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM), headquartered in Miami, FL, was officially established in 1963. Prior to that, U.S. military elements in the Western hemisphere had been organized under the U.S. Caribbean Defense Command. SOUTHCOM's area of responsibility (AOR) begins at the southern Mexican border and contains the remaining elements of Central and South America, adjacent Atlantic and Pacific waters, as well as the Caribbean Sea, ultimately encompassing 31 countries and 16 dependencies and areas of special sovereignty. The region represents about one-sixth of the landmass of the world assigned to regional unified commands. SOUTHCOM is led by U.S. Navy Admiral Craig S. Faller."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McInnis, Kathleen J.; McGarry, Brendan W.
2020-03-17
