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Guide to Procurement of Single Connected Systems - Language for RFP Specifications and Statements of Work - An Aid to Procurement Initiators - Includes Complex, Evolving, and Multipolicy Systems
The intended user of the document is the "procurement initiator," to include program managers, users, and security managers. These individuals must write the Request for Proposal (RFP), specifically Section C, the Specification and Statement of Work. Volume 1 of this guideline series discusses the responsibilities of different roles in procurement initiation. The purpose of this document is to facilitate the contracting process, to provide uniformity in competitive acquisitions, to minimize procurement cost and risk, avoid
delays in the solicitation process, and to help ensure the solicitation is complete before its issuance.
United States. Department of Defense
1994-07
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Explaining Weapons Proliferation: Going Beyond the Security Dilemma
This report considers the crucial issue of weapons proliferation by addressing a question of serious debate in the international community: what causes states to acquire weapons of mass destruction? Why do states become proliferators? By summarizing the findings of three cases examined in his group's effort of last year, Captain Rattray sheds light on possible answers to this question, with implications for US and USAF policy. Taking a comparative, regionally-based approach, the report highlights the key findings of a major INSS research project undertaken in 1993. It concludes that the US must look beyond the security dilemma in trying to understand the motivations behind proliferation, especially in emerging democracies. Along the same lines, the US should also consider a wide range of policy tools, to include economic and technological assistance, in attempting to influence proliferation outcomes.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Rattray, Gregory J., 1962-
1994-07
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Use and Abuse of Police Powers: Law Enforcement Practices and the Minority Community in New Jersey
"The public is often angered by allegations that police officers use excessive or fatal force and are not held accountable for their actions. This report by the New Jersey Advisory Committee was prompted by one such case in Teaneck, New Jersey, involving a white police officer and a black youth, who was killed while fleeing arrest. The incident precipitated a civil disturbance and a string of local protest demonstrations against police abuse, lasting more than a year. The Committee learned that minority community leaders were very concerned about law enforcement practices as they affected minority groups across the State. Based on a 1991 forum and monitoring through June 1992, this report profiles law enforcement policies and procedures related to police brutality in New Jersey. Its conclusions and recommendations stem from the Committee's view that volatile incidents will be better handled and community tensions lessened when complaints of police bias are reviewed by civilian boards. The Committee also points to the need for mandatory police officer training to improve the quality of law enforcement services."
United States Commission on Civil Rights
1994-07
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Peacekeeping in Somalia
"The U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 794 on December 3, 1992. The Resolution state that 'the situation in Somalia constitutes a threat to international peace security' and authorized Member States to use all necessary means to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief. During the same month, the United States deployed troops assigned to the 10th Mountain Division to Somalia. This report describes findings from questionnaires and interviews involving 518 Somalia veterans at Fort Drum, New York. The Somalia peacekeeping mission is unique because it started as a humanitarian mission and evolved into combat. Information gathered about the mission may afford valuable opportunities to improve the effectiveness of future peacekeeping doctrine, force development and training. Results of individual interviews and questionnaires show general discontent with the mission, although most soldiers expressed the opinion that the U.S. Army performed well in Somalia."
U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Harman, Joan
1994-07
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Sharing the Challenge: Floodplain Management into the 21st Century
"The Midwest Flood of 1993 was a significant hydro-meteorological event. Flood flows similar to those experienced by most of the Midwest can occur at any time. During the decade ending in 1993, average annual flood damages in the United States exceed $3 billion. Flood damages are a national problem. Excessive rainfall, which produced standing water, saturated soils, and overland flow, caused major damages to upland agriculture and some communities. In turn, runoff from this rainfall created, throughout tie basin, flood events that became a part of the nation's 1993 TV experience. Damages overall were extensive: between $12 billion and $16 billion that can be counted, and a large amount in unquantifiable impacts on the health and well-being of the population of the Midwest. Human activities in the floodplains of the Midwest over the last three centuries have placed people and property at risk. Local and federal flood damage reduction projects were constructed to minimize the annual risk, and, during the 1993 flood, prevented nearly $20 billion in damages. Some of these programs, however, attracted people to high risk areas and created greater exposure to future damages. In addition, flood control, navigation, and agricultural activities severely reduced available floodplain habitat and compromised natural functions upon which fish and wildlife rely. Over the last30 yearn the nation has learned that effective floodplain management can reduce vulnerability to damages and create a balance among natural and human uses of floodplains and their related watersheds meet both social and environmental goals."
Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee (U.S.)
1994-06-30
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Unity of Command and Interdiction
"The cover of Joint Publication 1, Joint Warfare of the U.S. Armed Forces, says, 'Joint Warfare is Team Warfare.' Inside the publication, an Air Force officer observed, 'Now I know that real jointness means attacking the right target at the right time.' The quote makes joint warfare sound like a simple matter, one that the U.S. military has well in hand. Although the services have made great progress over the last decade or so, Unity of Command and Interdiction highlights an area where there is still a great deal of work remaining. The Army and Air Force have been at odds about how to fight together where their missions overlap the most. Beyond the front lines 30 to approximately 200 kilometers is a gray area where Army deep operations and Air Force interdiction overlap. They often address the same target sets and compete for the same weapons. Synchronizing interdiction and land maneuver is not a new problem, but several new twists are complicating the matter even more. Army doctrine calls for fast-paced and deep maneuver, supported by attack helicopters and artillery. Army artillery ranges have increased over fivefold with rockets and missiles: at the same time technological advances dramatically improved interdiction capabilities. Tactical ballistic missile and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are other pieces of a very difficult battlefield puzzle. Unity of command is essential to success for both services."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Leaf, Daniel P.
1994-07
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Alert Series: Women: Female Genital Mutilation
This document discusses female genital mutilation and its influence on refugee and asylum status. "The World Health Organization estimates that over eighty million infants, adolescents, and women have been subjected to female genital mutilation. These mutilations continue to be performed in more than thirty countries in Africa (including parts of Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Sudan) and Asia (including parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, Oman, South Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates), as well as among immigrant communities in other countries."
United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service; INS Resource Information Center
1994-07
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Executive Order 12923: Continuation of Export Control Regulations
"By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including but not limited to section 203 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (''Act'') (50 U.S.C. 1702), I, WILLIAM J. CLINTON, President of the United States of America, find that the unrestricted access of foreign parties to U.S. goods, technology, and technical data and the existence of certain boycott practices of foreign nations, in light of the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended (50 U.S.C. App. 2401 et seq. ), constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States and hereby declare a national emergency with respect to that threat."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1994-06-30
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Use of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation (TCSEC) for Complex, Evolving, Multipolicy Systems
The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology to assist the heads of DoD components to procure, certify, and accredit existing, evolving, multipolicy systems against the TCSEC [4] requirements, consistent with the guidance provided in the TNI [2] and the TDI [3]. This methodology must come to grips with the problems that exist in current operational command and control systems. The intended audience is anyone concerned with any aspect of these objectives.
United States. Department of Defense
1994-07
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Turning Multiple Evaluated Products into Trusted Systems
This paper discusses how evaluated products can be combined to produce trusted
systems which meet the requirements specified in a procurement document, thereby
modifying, adapting, or eliminating portions of the composing product's TCB.
Frequently, the requirements specified necessitate changes to the product TCBs.
Because the product's rating may be invalidated when the product's TCB is changed without understanding, justification, and review; system-level assurances are necessary to compensate for the changes. It is the responsibility of the system integrator/system designer to do the utmost to retain and not invalidate the product rating. However, even with this possible invalidation, the use of an evaluated product in a system provides the knowledge that the original product was scrutinized, and those portions of the product that are not changed continue to retain that scrutiny for the correctness of processing. Therefore, even if a product's TCB
must be modified, adapted, or portions eliminated, the use of an evaluated product in a system development is advantageous over the use of a non-evaluated product for the similar functionality. The combination of unequal security qualified components to build a system is another dilemma in the integration process which will not be discussed in this paper.
United States. Department of Defense
1994-07
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Research Paper: Illegal Mexican Migration and the United States/Mexico Border: The Effects of Operation Hold the Line on El Paso/Juárez
On September 19, 1993, Silvestre Reyes, the Chief of the El Paso Sector of the Border Patrol of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service [INS], launched Operation Blockade along a twenty-mile stretch of the U.S./Mexico border between El Paso and Juárez. Renamed Operation Hold the Line three weeks later, the initiative represented an effort to cut off illegal migration from Mexico into El Paso. This examination of Operation Hold the Line seeks to assess its effects on both illegal and legal crossings, as well as to discern the implications of various policy options concerning both legal and illegal immigration and non-immigrant crossings at the U.S. / Mexico border. Methodologically, this research relies on both quantitative and qualitative evidence to develop an assessment of the Operation. The paper is organized into nine chapters. After the introduction, the second chapter describes Operation Hold the Line. The third examines evidence about the curtailment of flows as indicated by border crossing and apprehensions data. The fourth examines effects on business and economic activity, and the fifth analyzes effects on education, births, and social services. The sixth presents an examination of the effects of the Operation on crime rates and other indicators of illegal or disruptive behaviors. The seventh details effects on community and public opinion. The eighth focuses on the Operation's consequences for Juárez and the people living there. The final chapter provides an overall assessment of the Operation's effects, together with discussion of the implications of the study's findings for immigration and border crossing issues.
U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform
Bean, Frank D.; Haynes, Charles W.; Cushing, Robert G.
1994-07
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DoD Directive 2000.13: Civil Affairs
This Directive establishes policy and assigns responsibilities under Title 10, United States Code through DoD Directive 5100.1, "Functions of the Department of Defense and its Major Components," September 25, 1987 for conducting DoD-wide civil affairs activities.
United States. Department of Defense
1994-06-27
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Department of Defense Directive: Civil Affairs
"This Directive establishes policy and assigns responsibilities under references (a) through (c) for conducting DoD-wide civil affairs activities."
United States. Department of Defense
1994-06-27
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Terror 2000: The Future Face of Terrorism
"Each year the Department of Defense convenes its Worldwide Combatting Terrorism Conference in order to review the nature and level of terrorist activity around the globe. The purpose is to identify changing motives, tactics and targets so our government may better defend our interests and those of our friends and allies. The fifth annual conference, held in June 1993, was somewhat different. This time the focus was not on the immediate future, but included an examination of the long-term threat. Participation which traditionally had been limited to preeminent intelligence, military, political and academic specialists from around the world was broadened to include leading futurists. This elite group was given two assignments. First, they must forecast, to the best of their ability, the course of terrorism for the next fifteen years. Then on the basis of their projections, they would help craft policies, strategies and tactics by suggesting courses of action and specific initiatives to meet the developing threat as they foresaw it. There would be no sacred cows. All aspects of America's policy for combatting terrorism would be on the table for examination and discussion. It was decided that a study would be prepared to apprise the government and the public of the conference findings and of subsequent research that would focus on the long-term terrorist threat and what must be done to meet the challenge. The object would be to stimulate discussion and examination by providing a provocative, unconstrained and independent point of view rather than a coordinated, homogenized distillation of current thinking."
United States. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict
Cetron, Marvin J.
1994-06-24
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Regional Deterrence Ship Design
"A systems engineering approach to the development of a warship optimized for the deterrence of regional conflicts in littoral waters is presented, followed by a description of the preliminary design of the ship shown by analysis to be most effective. The requirement for the project reported was to develop a ship which would be effective in deterring regional wars among third world nations; in hampering the military effectiveness of the aggressor should deterrence fail and in protecting or evacuating limited numbers of civilians. The study reports on an analysis of likely threat weapons, on the means used to choose defensive combat system capabilities to defeat such weapons and on the selection of capabilities necessary for successful operation in littoral waters. Major emphasis is placed on measures intended to significantly improve the ship's survivability relative to existing combatants. The design description includes data and numerous drawings. Ship design, Littoral, Regional conflict, Survivability, Warship, Combatant ship."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Alexander, Dwight; Calvano, Charles N.; Cottle, Dean
1994-06-24
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Department of State Action Memorandum: Implementing the President's Decision on Colombia Peru Forcedown Policies
On June 21, President Clinton made a decision to propose language in the National Defense Authorization Act of 1995 that would amend the law prohibiting the sharing of real-time intelligence with Colombia and Peru to allow for the shoot down of suspected drug smuggling planes if appropriate procedures are in place to protect innocent aircraft and "the President has determined that such actions are necessary because of the threat posed by drug trafficking to the national security of that country." This document recommends a three-step policy for the short-term renewal of aerial tracking assistance to Colombia and Peru to cover the period before Congress has adopted the new language. Step one would seek to convince Peru and Colombia to agree to certain restrictions on the use of real-time intelligence until the U.S. legislation can be modified to accommodate the shoot down policy. Step two would encourage the two governments to comply with international law, perhaps by declaring a "national emergency" as permitted under the relevant conventions. The third stop contemplates a campaign to convince nations deemed "aviation partners" to accept a "narrow exception" to international law in cases where "drug trafficking threatens the political institutions of a state and where the country imposes strict procedures to reduce the risk of attack against non-drug trafficking aircraft."
United States. Department of State
1994-06-23
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DoD Management of Bulk Petroleum Products, Natural Gas, and Coal
This manual is issued under the authority of DoD Directive 4140.25, "DoD Bulk Petroleum Management Policy," January 1993 and DoD 4140.1-R, "DoD Materiel Management Regulation," January 1993. It provides policy guidance, supply procedures, and assigns functional responsibilities for the DoD Integrated Materiel Management (IMM) of bulk petroleum products. It also implements the Military Standard Petroleum System (MILSPETS) and Defense Fuel Automated Management System (DFAMS) which are designed to document inventory data and supply transactions and record such data in a central data bank (via electronic-network) for inventory and financial accountability of bulk petroleum stocks.
United States. Defense Energy Support Center
1994-06-22
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Applicability of 18 U.S.C. § 208 to Proposed Appointment of Government Official to the Board of Connie Lee: Memorandum Opinion for the Assistant General Counsel, Department of the Treasury [June 22, 1994]
"This memorandum is in response to your request of May 23, 1994, for an opinion as to whether the Deputy Assistant Secretary, if appointed to the Board of Directors of the College Construction Loan Insurance Association ('Connie Lee'), would be subject to the requirements imposed by 18 U.S.C. § 208 on 'directors' of outside organizations. We have concluded that if appointed, the Deputy Assistant Secretary would be a 'director' of an outside organization within the meaning of § 208, and accordingly would have to comply with the provisions of that section in discharging his or her government duties. This conclusion does not preclude the appointment of the Deputy Assistant Secretary or another Treasury official to the board of Connie Lee. Rather, it means that if appointed, the official could not participate in any particular matter in his or her government capacity in which Connie Lee had a financial interest, unless he or she received a waiver issued pursuant to § 208(b)."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1994-06-22
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Conflict with Libya: Use of Military Force against Terrorism
"The United States attack on Libya on April 15, 1986 was the culmination of a series of developments in U.S. foreign policy and military strategy intended to combat international terrorism. It was the culmination of the U.S. attempt to use both nonmilitary and military methods to combat terrorism. This paper examines the use of military force as an appropriate means to combat terrorism. In particular, the 1986 conflict with Libya is examined concentrating on the following aspects: whether operational level objectives contributed to achievement of strategic goals; and the use of military force as an effective instrument in the war against terrorism. This paper concludes that the use of military force (along with the European nonmilitary responses) was an effective instrument in the war against terrorism as measured by the decrease in Libyan sponsored attacks from 1986 to 1991. However, the U.S. attack on Libya is still an isolated event and does not provide a sufficient basis for a doctrine of military retaliation against terrorism."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Curry, Bruce H.
1994-06-17
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...From the Sea: Chemical and Biological Concerns
"With the collapse of the Soviet Union the U.S. Navy devised a new strategy, ... FROM THE SEA. This strategy is designed to prepare the Navy for regional challenges. Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is a major concern of U.S. national defense. This paper uses some historical examples and technological data to postulate conceivable effects from chemical and biological weapons on ... FROM THE SEA. The focus of this paper is on the operational level of war. The paper addresses what the Navy and the Unified CinCs should do to prepare for operations in a contaminated environment. Chemical warfare, Chemical defense, From the sea, Joint Operations, Joint Maritime Operations, Chemical weapons, Biological weapons."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Murphy, James M.
1994-06-17
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Shift in the National Drug Strategy: Implications for the SOUTHCOM AOR
"This study reviews the national strategy under the Bush Administration, the emerging national strategy under President Clinton and DoD's implementation in the Latin American region. A discussion of the impact on Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) follows with regard to budget, affected programs and theater strategic objectives. Possible implications for the future of this region and the impact on U.S. national security interests are addressed. The study suggests that the drug problem is a long term commitment requiring U.S. support throughout the source-transit-demand spectrum. The U.S. must continue to provide with the necessary resources through a multi-lateral approach because the trafficker has no regard for international borders."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Semrau, William J.
1994-06-17
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Colonels' Revolt: Eisenhower, The Army, and The Politics of National Security
This paper reviews the budgetary politics and inter-service rivalries involved in the formulation of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's defense policies. Specifically, the paper chronicles the reaction of the U.S. Army General Staff to proposals to greatly increase U.S. reliance on strategic air power at the expense of Army force structure and modernization. The impact of The Revolt on joint policy making in general and Cold War defense policies in particular is chronicled. The paper concludes with a discussion of the lessons of The Revolt for those who make strategy and defense policy. While the Revolt had little immediate impact on defense planning, it was part of a larger series of events that culminated in the Goldwater-Nichols Act and other reforms in the Department of Defense budget process and in Joint Service planning and operations.
Naval War College (U.S.)
Parker, Jay M.
1994-06-17
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DoD Combatting Terrorism Program Procedures
The Combatting Terrorism Program Procedures' guide describes policy, assigns responsibility and prescribes procedures for implementation and use in the DoD Antterrorism Program. The DoD Policy aims to "protect DoD personnel and their families, facilities, and other material resources from terrorist acts and, in the event of a terrorist attack, to respond with properly trained, organized, and equipped personnel to terminate the incident or reduce the effects of the attack." Security forces, for example, may include local law enforcement or host nation assets to terminate or reduce the effects of the attack. Definitions include terrorism, antiterrorism combattins terrorism, high-risk position and high-risk personnel.
United States. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict
1994-06-15
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DoD Instruction 2000.14: DoD Combating Terrorism Program Procedures
"This Instruction establishes policy, assigns responsibilities, and prescribes procedures under reference (a) for implementation and use in the DoD Antiterrorism Program doctrinally described in reference (b) and also complies with regulatory guidance contained in references (c) through (o). This Instruction applies to the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the
Military Departments, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Unified
Combatant Commands, the Defense Agencies, and DoD Field Activities. The term
'Military Services,' as used herein, refers to the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, and the Marine Corps (including Coast Guard when it operates as a Service in the Navy."
United States. Department of Defense
1994-06-15
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Trends in German Defense Policy: The Defense Policy Guidelines and the Centralization of Operational Control
Like most of its NATO allies, the Federal Republic of Germany has undertaken a massive restructuring of its armed forces. The end of the Cold War, the need for a unified Germany to assume responsibility for its security, and the current economic recession have made German defense planning extremely difficult. Bonn is also under pressure to reorient the Bundeswehr (Federal Armed Forces) from a defense force organized to deter war in the Central Region to one with deployment capabilities similar to those of other comparable powers. However, countervailing domestic and external political pressures have impeded this reorganizing effort. Internally, even a clear political consensus regarding the use of the Bundeswehr has yet to emerge in Bonn. German participation in peace operations and international humanitarian missions has yet to gain wide political support, let alone participating in military campaigns in support of national interests outside of the immediate defense of German territory. Notwithstanding defense planning efforts undertaken to date by the current Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union/Free Democratic Party coalition government, the resolution of this debate is essential before definitive planning can be undertaken.
Army War College (U.S.)
Young, Thomas-Durell
1994-06-14
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Nuclear Threats from Small States
For decades, the United States has pursued nuclear
nonproliferation as an important national security goal. At
times, this objective was masked or even compromised by the
overarching needs of managing the U.S.-Soviet nuclear balance and
maintaining the Western Alliance. As the cold war faded, the
problem of proliferation assumed an ever more prominent place in
U.S. national security strategy. During the Bush administration,
this issue was especially visible when the defeat of Iraq in the
Gulf War showed how close that nation was to having developed
nuclear weapons. The Clinton administration's national security
policy puts priority on nonproliferation and assigns to the
Department of Defense the mission of "counterproliferation"--that
is, the strategic means of dealing with new nations that cross
the threshold and actually obtain weapons of mass destruction.1
This monograph focuses on counterproliferation, with special
attention to crises involving Third World states that, in the
near term, may produce or acquire militarily usable nuclear
weapons. It addresses four questions of interest to national
security planners and policymakers:
· What is the likelihood of Third World nations obtaining
and using nuclear weapons in ways that endanger U.S. interests?
· Under what circumstances might the United States turn to
military force if faced with Third World nuclear crises?
· How might the United States apply its military capability
in responding to nuclear crises in regional settings?
· What strategic and force structure guidelines should be
followed in planning to deal with Third World nuclear
proliferation?
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Kahan, Jerome H.
1994-06-13
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Post Exercise Assessment: Indian Point Nuclear Power Station [September 23, 1992]
From the Summary: "On September 23, 1992, a team of 30 Federal evaluators and contractors assessed the level of State and County preparedness in responding to a radiological emergency at the Indian Point Nuclear Power Station (IPNPS). This exercise involved IPNPS Unit 3, which is owned by the New York Power Authority. It was a full-participation, announced exercise with occurred between 0715 and 1600. Following the exercise, a preliminary evaluation was made by the Regional Assistance Committee (RAC) Chairperson and the Federal evaluation team. A briefing for County and State exercise participants, emergency management staff, and utility representatives was held on Friday, September 25, 1992, at 1000 in the Tarrytown Hilton Conference Facilities."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1994-06-10
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Revolution in Military Affairs: A Framework for Defense Planning
"The author argues that the current revolution in military affairs is part of a larger sociopolitical transformation. The new technologies both propelling and resulting from this transformation are having a profound impact on warfare. The author urges military and civilian strategists, planners, and decision makers to think about armed conflict in ways so novel that those used to dealing with the unchanging truths about war may feel threatened. To help understand the ambiguities and complexities presented by the RMA, he offers a framework of four principles for defense planning. Revolution in Military Affairs(RMA), Information, Sensing and precision strike technologies."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Mazarr, Michael J., 1965-
1994-06-10
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Department of State Memorandum for Deputy Secretary Talbott: Deputies Meeting on Forcedown Policies
"On June 4 the Deputies Committee of the National Security Council met to consider U.S. policy options on the provision of aerial tracking intelligence to Colombian and Peru. State Department representatives consider it highly unlikely that the U.S. might be able to convince the two countries to drop the forcedown policies. Another option, the segregation of intelligence data to preclude its use in effecting a forcedown, is considered by most to be infeasible. A third option, "Attempt to eliminate domestic and international legal impediments to full scale USG participation in the Colombian and Peruvian aerial interdiction programs," is to be included in an options paper to be considered by the president."
United States. Department of State
1994-06-04
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Eternal Constant: The Influence of Political Ideology on American Defense Policy 1783-1800 and 1989-1994
"This study traces the historical origins, evolution, and continuing influence of liberal and conservative political ideology on American Defense policy. The study concentrates on a comparison of the periods 1783-1800, the military debates of the early republic; and 1989-1994, the current debates on the structure of the post-Cold War American Military. The central thesis is that the parallels between the public debates on the proposed downsizing of the United States' Armed Forces in the 1990s and the debates on the creation of a permanent American military establishment in the 1780s and 1790s reflect the continuing influence of fundamental republican/liberal and federalist/ conservative political ideologies."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Bowie, Edward L.
1994-06-03
