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CBO Paper: Costs of Expanding the NATO Alliance
From the Preface: "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has made the decision to expand its membership. The alliance has not chosen which nations to admit and thus has not estimated the costs of expansion. The public debate, however, has centered around admitting Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) paper, prepared at the request of the House Committee on International Relations, examines hypothetical options to defend those four nations if they were admitted to the alliance and estimates the cost of undertaking each option."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Eland, Ivan
1996-03
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Annual Report to the President and the Congress [March 1996]
From the Document: "Despite favorable developments in the law of the sea, including the entry into force of the UN Law of the Sea (LOS) Convention, the adoption of the Part XI agreement which reforms the LOS Convention, and the recent negotiation of the 1995 UN Convention on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, a number of states continue to assert excessive maritime claims inconsistent with international law in waters off their coasts. Many of these claims impair the freedoms of navigation and overflight guaranteed in the LOS Convention. Although not yet a party to the Convention, the United States views the navigational provisions of the Convention as reflective of customary international law and, as such, available for all nations to enjoy. The United States also believes that unchallenged excessive maritime claims may, in time, become valid through acquiescence. Accordingly, it is necessary for maritime nations to protest excessive coastal claims through diplomatic channels and to exercise their navigation and overflight rights in disputed regions. The United States has accepted this responsibility by establishing and preserving the Freedom of Navigation Program. Since its inception in 1979, over 100 diplomatic protests have been filed and over 300 operational assertions have been conducted. During FY 1995, operational assertions were conducted by the U.S. armed forces against the following countries that maintained claims contrary to international law[.]"
United States. Department of Defense
Perry, William James, 1927-
1996-03
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Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence
It is prudent to reexamine a costly government activity closely tied to that era. Legislative attempts in the early 1990s to restructure and reform intelligence had not been seen as producing significant change. Reform efforts within the Executive branch had proceeded by fits and starts. Intelligence agencies touted new forays into areas such as intelligence on the environment, leading many observers to conclude they had lost focus and were searching for reasons to justify their existence. In addition, new questions arose about the competence and accountability of intelligence agencies. The Ames espionage case, in particular, raised concerns not only about the failure of the CIA to detect a rather clumsy spy in its midst, but also about the degree to which the agency holds accountable those responsible. By the fall of 1994, Congress decided the time had come for a "credible, independent, and objective review of the Intelligence Community" and established this Commission to perform it. Nineteen separate areas were identified for assessment. The Commission began operations on March 1, 1995 and conducted a rigorous inquiry during the following twelve months. It received formal testimony from 84 witnesses, and its staff interviewed over 200 other individuals. Members of the Commission visited several foreign countries with which the U.S. has cooperative relationships in the intelligence area, and the Commission reviewed a large amount of written opinion on intelligence issues. The results of its inquiry are reflected in the fourteen chapters that follow this summary.
United States. Government Printing Office
1996-03-01
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Combating Violence and Delinquency: The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan Report
"The Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's National Juvenile Justice Action Plan (Action Plan) presents innovative and effective strategies designed to reduce violence and victimization. Through these efforts, communities and citizens are working to bring about positive change. They are establishing neighborhood watches and citizen patrols and working with law enforcement and other agencies to close down drug houses. They are cleaning up playgrounds and parks and creating drug- and weapon-free school zones. They are forming community planning teams to identify risk factors for delinquency, assess resources and needs, and provide programs designed to prevent juvenile involvement in delinquency and crime. They are creating opportunities for youth to take part in community-building activities. In concert with community oriented policing and strict accountability for offenders, these local prevention efforts are our Nation's most effective long-term weapons against crime and violence. [...] The Action Plan describes how communities can generate solutions and how individuals and groups can prevent or reduce violence in their own block, public housing unit, or neighborhood. Cooperative partnerships among justice, health, child welfare, education, and social service systems can lay the foundation for measurable successes. Working together, individuals, groups, and communities can make real and sustained changes. The Action Plan also provides important information about Federal training, technical assistance, grants, research, evaluation, and other resources that support these efforts."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (U.S.)
1996-03
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Land Mine Warfare: Detection and Clearance
Land mines have become an integral part of twentieth century warfare; but unlike other weapons, blind terrorism remains long after the war. This compilation of citations highlights the major technological efforts presently available or being developed in the world of land mine warfare, mine detection, and mine clearance from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTlC). The authors of the following papers describe the nature of many varieties of both plastic and metal land mines and the measures being developed to clear them in a safe humanitarian manner.
Defense Technical Information Center (U.S.)
Cupp, Christian M.; Levine, Phyllis; Lee, Catheryn
1996-03
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Readiness Training Program for Nursing Personnel in the AMEDD, Volume II, Training Support Package
This U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine Training Support Package provides a detailed overview for nursing personnel to develop and maintain skills proficiencies in "...a deployed or field status.' 'The Readiness Training Program has been developed to help nursing personnel develop and sustain their proficiencies in clinical skills and functions critical to the successful performance of their roles in a deployed or field status. 2. In keeping with the Army Medical Department (AMEDD) mission of maintaining the medical, clinical, and technical readiness of medical units and personnel to support the Army in the theater of operations, each of you is asked to support the widest possible implementation of the Readiness Training Program among all nursing personnel in the AMEDD. 3. The Training Support Package contains training guidelines and actual training objectives that will facilitate use of the program among nursing personnel in both the Active and Reserve Components of the AMEDD. Additionally, videotapes for the Readiness Training Program are available at training and audiovisual support centers to assist trainers with planning an initial assessment of the skill and knowledge proficiency of nursing personnel in their unit. Nursing personnel responsible for conserving the fighting strength need to maintain their competencies in skills and functions critical to their roles in a deployed or field status. In the past, nursing personnel have relied on their everyday experiences in fixed healthcare facilities to maintain their competencies in field nursing practice. However, there is now a widening gap between nursing practice in high-technology, automated fixed healthcare facilities and nursing practice in field medical treatment facilities. Therefore, the Joint Services Nursing Advisory Group (JSNAG), which is a tri-service advisory group to the Defense Medical Standardization' Board (DMSB), recommended that a study be conducted to examine the extent to which job-related and training experiences currently prepare nursing personnel for patient care in a deployed or field status. The purpose of this TSP is to provide leaders and trainers with information and materials needed to implement the RTP for nursing personnel in their unit. Included in the TSP are an explanation of the training program as well as task summaries for clinical skills and battle-focused functions (BFFs). Principles of training as well as management of the training program are discussed."
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
1996-03
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Border Patrol: Staffing and Enforcement Activities, Report to Congressional Committees
"At the end of fiscal year 1994, according to INS data, the Border Patrol had assigned 3,911 of its 4,260 Border Patrol agents to its 145 Border Patrol stations. As of September 13, 1995, according to INS data, it had hired and finished training 530 Border Patrol agents and had an additional 369 agents in training. These new agents are estimated to represent 22 percent of INS expected overall increase. These 899 new hires were not included in our analysis because they were not deployed at the end of fiscal year 1994. Of the 3,911 agents at Border Patrol stations at the end of fiscal year 1994, 3,088 (79 percent) were located at 85 stations that were within 25 miles of the nations border, including 2,543 agents who were located at the 32 Southwest Border stations. Of the 3,911 agents, 701 agents (18 percent) were located at 41 stations that were between 26 and 100 miles from the border, and 122 agents (3 percent) were located at 19 stations that were over 100 miles from the border."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1996-03
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Modelling Terrorist Behavior: Developing Investigative Decision Making through the Analysis of Empirical Databases
"This report outlines further developments in the behavioral modelling and elucidates further developments in the theoretical underpinning of this project, which is aimed at developing multidimensional models of hostage-taking interactions to predict outcome from patterns of interrelated behaviors observable during an incident. In addition to the continued analysis of actions observed during terrorist hostage taking, the theoretical psychological rationale of the models produced has been greatly advanced. As the models of behavior are developed, it is seen as particularly important to drive their evolution with sound psychological theory."
U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Canter, David; Wilson, Margaret; Smith, Alaster
1996-03
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Ballistic Missile Defenses and Russian Retaliation Issues
"An examination of the degradation of a Russian retaliatory nuclear strike if the U.S. and Russia were to deploy theater or anti-ballistic missile defenses in their homelands. Consideration is given to efforts for restoring the effectiveness of a Russian retaliation, and the effects on first strike stability of deployments of theater missile defenses in one or both homelands."
United States. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Nyland, F. S.; Nyland Enterprises (U.S.)
1996-03
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DOE Handbook: Establishing Nuclear Facility Drill Programs
"The purpose of DOE Handbook, 'Establishing Nuclear Facility Drill Programs', is to provide DOE contractor organizations with guidance for development or modification of drill programs that both train on and evaluate facility training and procedures dealing with a variety of abnormal and emergency operating situations likely to occur at a facility. The Handbook focuses on conducting drills as part of a training and qualification program (typically within a single facility), and is not intended to included responses of personnel beyond the site boundary, e.g. Local or State Emergency Management, Law Enforcement, etc. Each facility is expected to develop its own
facility specific scenarios, and should not limit them to equipment failures but should include personnel injuries and other likely events."
United States. Department of Energy
1996-03
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Theater Missile Defense: The Effects of TMD on U.S.-Japan Security Relations
This thesis examines the continued pursuit of co-production efforts by the United States with Japan. The President has identified the development of Theater Missile Defenses (TMD) as a priority to counter the proliferation of theater ballistic missiles (TBM) and weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In keeping with the priorities set forth by the President the Secretary of Defense has made several proposals to the Japanese government in regards to the purchase, increased technical exchanges and co-production of TMD systems. This study reviews the potential impact such efforts may pose on the future of the U. S.-Japan security relationship and the ability of the United States to exert its influence in the Asia-Pacific region. The environment which led to the initial security agreement in 1951 has been significantly altered and many believe that TMD may be the necessary tool to restore stability to the relationship. Through the application of three alliance theories this thesis analyzes the U.S. decision to pursue joint TMD production with Japan. This thesis provides background information for three theories and applies them to the history of the U.S.-Japan alliance the FS-X co-production effort and the extended TMD proposals. Based on this application and analysis this study concludes that co- production of TMD will impede the production of TMD, and therefore not in the direct interest of the United States. In addition the exchange of technology as well as the co-production efforts will reduce the credibility and influence of the United States within the U.S.-Japan alliance. However, if the United States alone continues with its domestic development and deploys TMD systems as part of its national military strategy, it can avoid the negative effects and degradation of its influence within the alliance.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Spurlock, Kenneth R.
1996-03
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Scoping Out Night Vision
"In the United States today, there are more than 50 companies that either manufacture or distribute night vision equipment. Departments considering a purchase of this equipment will encounter a potentially confusing array of technical specifications and terminology, and mistakes can be costly. To help departments evaluating night vision systems to make informed decisions, this bulletin of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) presents basic information on night vision technology and terminology, factors to consider when evaluating night vision systems, and new developments in night vision."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1996-03
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Improvements to the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Army Unit Resiliency Analysis (AURA) 'All Clear' Algorithm
"The Project Manager for the Corps Surface-to-Air Missile (PM CORPS SAM) is planning to use the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's (ARL) Army Unit Resiliency Analysis (AURA) model to assess the weapon system's performance. Part of the effort included a review of modifications made to AURA by PM CORPS SAM'S contractor MEVATEC. This report is a result of the review of MEVATEC's All Clear algorithm used in determining when personnel can remove mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear."
U.S. Army Research Laboratory
Zum Brunnen, Richard L.
1996-03
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FinCEN Advisory: Enhanced Scrutiny for Transactions Involving the Seychelles, March 1996, Issue 2
The FinCEN Advisory "...is a recurring series designed for the financial, regulatory and law enforcement communities. Subsequent advisories will describe trends and developments related to money laundering and financial crime." In this issue of FinCEN: "Banks and other financial institutions are advised to give enhanced scrutiny to all financial transactions routed into or out of the Seychelles, or involving persons domiciled in the Seychelles.... The Seychelles is a small island nation in the Indian Ocean and is a member of the British Commonwealth. The Seychelles' government has recently enacted the EDA [Economic Development Act] a law that authorizes it to grant concessions or incentives to persons who invest at least $10 million in approved Seychelles investments. Among the concessions specifically permitted under the law are immunity from criminal prosecution and from forfeiture of assets. An exception to the immunity created by the EDA exists only for acts of violence or drug trafficking in the Seychelles."
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (U.S.)
1996-03
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FinCEN Advisory: Introducing the FinCEN Advisory, March 1996, Issue 1
The FinCEN Advisory "...is a recurring series designed for the financial, regulatory and law enforcement communities. Subsequent advisories will describe trends and developments related to money laundering and financial crime. FinCEN's goal is to serve the interests of all its customers--providing intelligence and analysis for case support to federal, state, local and international law enforcement and regulators while also providing the financial communities with the information they need to help us prevent and detect financial crime."
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (U.S.)
1996-03
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NATO's Response to the Proliferation Challenge
"Alliance progress in addressing the NBC challenge is impressive. Allies have agreed on an assessment of the risks, and on the security implications of, and the military requirements to meet, the growing threat. Allies have identified a set of capabilities-in such areas as intelligence, active and passive defenses, and command and control-needed to give NATO the ability to project power and conduct operations in an NBC environment. The success of the NATO initiative to counter the proliferation threat, however, will only be assured when allies make national and collective commitments to field the necessary military capabilities and embed the threat in the Alliance defense planning process. To succeed, Alliance leaders will also need to rethink existing positions on nuclear deterrence and on the need for wide area missile defenses. NATO's ability to respond effectively to the NBC and missile threat may well be the key indicator of the Alliance's ability to adapt to the new security environment and the most important stimulus for force planning and defense analysis in the decades ahead. Acquiring the capabilities to deter and defend against the proliferation threat is essential to the future credibility of the Alliance."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Joseph, Robert G.
1996-03
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Integration of Special Operations and Conventional Forces in Unconventional Warfare
"Special operations forces (SOF) and conventional forces (hereafter referred to as general purpose forces of GPF) frequently operate together under a unified chain of command. When they do, conventional wisdom places SOF in command. In unconventional warfare operations, however, this subordination of SOF to GPF may hinder the ability of the integrated force to design an appropriate solution. This thesis examines the integration of SOF and GPF in unconventional warfare (UW) from an organizational perspective. It begins by examining the unique challenges posed by UW problems and establishing the organizational culture and functional specialization of SOF and GPF. It posits that SOF is, from an organizational perspective, better suited to designing solutions to UW problems than GPF. It further posits that by subordinating SOF to GPF the likelihood of the integrated force designing a campaign strategy appropriate for a UW problem is greatly reduced. It then uses the US involvement in Vietnam to test these hypotheses. The thesis concludes that organizational factors do, in fact, play a role in the formation of strategy, and that careful consideration of the command relationships in future unconventional warfare operations is warranted."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Bado, Christopher M.
1996-03
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Islamic Radicalism in the Arabian Peninsula: Growing Risks
"The Peninsula states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman are under growing pressure from outspoken critics who use the language and authority of Islam in these overwhelmingly conservative Muslim societies to call for political and economic reform. The rise of a radically activist Islamic politics predates the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, but Sunni and Shia Muslim radicals received significant boosts from the establishment of Islamic government in Tehran and, more recently, from the Gulf War in 1990-91. Regional specialists from the government, the academic community, and the private sector debated the impact of radicalized Islamic politics on the regimes and U.S. interests in recent roundtables at the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS). They agreed that Islamic radicals throughout the region have common perceptions of the causes of their societies' ills. These include dissatisfaction with ruling families that are deemed unfit to rule; deep frustration over diminishing economic entitlements, rising unemployment, the inability of the traditional tribal, patriarchal system to provide for a population that is increasingly younger, poorer, and larger; and the sense that traditional government by tribal consensus no longer works."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Yaphe, Judith Share, 1944-
1996-03
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Economic Espionage: Information on Threat From U.S. Allies, Statement for the Record by David E. Cooper, Associate Director, Defense Acquisitions Issues, National Security and International Affairs Division, Testimony before the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate
"U.S. intelligence agencies report a continuing economic espionage threat from certain U.S. allies. Our report discussed the espionage activities of five allies. A goal common to most of these countries was the support of the country's defense industry. Countries seek U.S. defense technologies to incorporate into domestically produced systems. By obtaining the technology from the United States, a country can have cutting-edge weapon systems without the cost of research and development. The cutting-edge technologies not only provide superior weapon systems for a country's own use, but also make these products more marketable for exports."
United States. General Accounting Office
1996-02-28
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Money Laundering: U.S. Efforts to Combat Money Laundering Overseas, Statement of JayEtta Z. Hecker, Associate Director, International Relations and Trade Issues, Testimony before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, House of Representatives
"Money laundering is a global problem requiring collective international efforts to combat. GAOs testimony describes U.S. efforts to deter this activity, including: (1) U.S. and seven European countries regulation of financial institutions in regard to money laundering, (2) U.S. bank regulators oversight of money-laundering controls at overseas branches of U.S. banks, (3) U.S. law enforcement agencies efforts to coordinate their overseas anti-money-laundering activities with host countries law enforcement agencies, and (4) U.S. participation in international anti-money-laundering arrangements. U.S. banking regulators previous domestic anti-money-laundering efforts relied mainly on reporting regulations that require financial institutions to report currency transactions above certain thresholds. Current approaches include an increased reliance upon reporting suspicious transactions. Also, most U.S. banks have adopted know your customer policies to help identify suspicious transactions, according to the American Bankers Association. European countries GAO visited have relied on suspicious transaction reports as well as on know your customer policies to combat money laundering through financial institutions."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1996-02-28
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Counterfeit U.S. Currency Abroad: Observations on Counterfeiting and U.S. Deterrance Efforts, Statement of JayEtta Z. Hecker, Associate Director, International Relations and Trade Issues, Testimony before the Subcommittee on General Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, House of Representatives
"U.S. currency has become a vulnerable target for international counterfeiting because it is widely used abroad and currently lacks updated security features. GAOs testimony focuses on the diverse nature and the unknown extent of counterfeiting abroad, as well as the recent U.S. efforts to deter this activity. U.S. law enforcement officials say that counterfeiters range from office workers to organized crime and terrorist groups and that the equipment used for counterfeiting U.S. currency includes both simple photocopiers and sophisticated offset presses. Moreover, counterfeit currency varies significantly in quality. Of increasing concern is a very high-quality family of counterfeits commonly known as the 'Superdollar.' According to reports by the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, the Superdollar is printed in the Middle East on 'high-tech state-owned presses with paper only acquired by governments.' However, the Secret Service says that the task force has provided little evidence to support its allegations. Counterfeiting is a criminal activity. Thus, it is impossible to determine the actual extent of this activity abroad. Both Treasury and Secret Service officials agreed that counterfeiting of U.S. currency is a threat to be taken seriously but said that it is not now at a level that poses an economic threat to the U.S. monetary system."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1996-02-27
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V [Marine] Amphibious Corps Planning for Operation Olympic and the Role of Intelligence in Support of Planning
Thesis: That the intelligence estimates of the Japanese forces and their capabilities on Kyushu, for Operation Olympic, were so inaccurate that an amphibious assault by the V Amphibious Corps would have failed. Discussion: This research paper, while addressing events at the strategic and operational level, will concentrate primarily on the V Amphibious Corps, one of four corps comprising the ground assault force in Operation Olympic, the projected invasion of Kyushu, Japan, in November 1945. It will focus on the planning phase of the operation and the intelligence used in that process. Chapter One introduces the U.S. Pacific strategy in 1945 and highlights the reasons for the decision to invade the Japanese home islands. Chapter Two discusses the role of the V Amphibious Corps in Operation Olympic. This chapter also addresses the planning process and the concept of operations of this Corps. Finally, it covers the training regimen that was preparing the Marines of V Amphibious Corps for the final fight. Chapter Three details the intelligence that U.S. planners had in which to develop their operational plans. It tracks the development of the intelligence picture from early 1945 to the end of the war in August 1945. Chapter Four is derived from the Japanese defensive plans for Kyushu obtained during the U.S. occupation of Japan after the war. Code-named Ketsu-Go, the Japanese operation to defend Kyushu was to be the final decisive battle. Chapter Five is the conclusion where the role of intelligence in support of planning is analyzed, based upon the true Japanese defensive posture identified in chapter four. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion on the estimated casualty rates if Operation Olympic would have been executed.
Marine Corps Command and Staff College (U.S.)
Arens, Mark P.
1996-02-27
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Legality of Government Honoraria Ban Following U.S. v. National Treasury Employees Union: Memorandum to the Attorney General [February 26, 1996]
"Last year, the Supreme Court held that § 501(b) of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 -- which imposes a government-wide ban on the receipt of honoraria by any government employee -- violates the First Amendment. […] This memorandum examines, at the request of the Civil Division, the question what, if any, portion of § 501(b) survives the NTEU [National Treasury Employees Union] decision. As explained more fully below, we conclude that the answer to this question must be 'none.' Following the Supreme Court's invalidation of § 501(b) with respect to the vast majority of the statute's targeted audience, what remains is a very different statute from the one Congress enacted. We cannot know, nor should we speculate, whether Congress would have enacted an honoraria ban as limited in scope as that portion of § 501(b) which the Supreme Court declined to strike down. The special constitutional solicitude accorded First Amendment rights, moreover, cautions against any intrusion upon those rights without the prior reflective judgment of the legislature."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1996-02-26
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DoD Directive 4715.1: Environmental Security
This Directive establishes policy for environmental security within the Department of Defense. The Defense Environmental Security Council and the Committee structure; the Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health Policy Board.
United States. Department of Defense
1996-02-24
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Doctrine for Joint Theater Missile Defense
"This publication provides doctrine for the integration of theater missile defense capabilities to support execution of the joint force commander's operation order or campaign plan. The focus is to protect against theater missile attack through an appropriate integrated and coordinated mix of mutually supporting measures of passive defense, active defense, and attack operations with supporting command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence. This document addresses the operational environment and the threat; establishes responsibilities and command relationships; addresses the multinational operations responsibilities and organizational considerations; provides planning and preparation factors and considerations; discusses the transition to joint theater missile defense operations; and presents and discusses four mutually supporting operational elements for a successful defense."
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
1996-02-22
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Worldwide Threat Assessment Brief to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Statement for the Record
This report outlines the threats to the United States and its interests now and into the next century. We still call this the post-Cold War world. Among the opportunities and challenges of our time, there is not yet one dominant enough to define the era on its own terms and give it a name. Looking beyond our borders, we see much that is uncertain: --The stability of many regions of the world is threatened by ethnic turmoil and humanitarian crises. -- Two great powers, Russia and China, are in the process of metamorphosis and their final shape is still very much in question. --Free nations of the world are threatened by rogue nations - - Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Libya, that have built up significant military forces and seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction. --The world community is under assault from those who deal in proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, drugs and crime. --And the interdependence of the world economy has made us more vulnerable to economic shocks beyond our borders. The strategic threat to our continent is reduced, but the potential for surprise is greater than it was in the days when we could focus our energies on the well-recognized instruments of Soviet power. No one challenge today is yet as formidable as the threat from the former Soviet Union. If nurtured by neglect on our part, these new challenges could expand to threaten the growth of democracy and free markets. All the tools of national security -- diplomacy, the military, and intelligence -- must remain sharp. It is the task of the Intelligence Community to provide policymakers and military commanders with early warning of emerging problems -- warning that can allow us to avoid crisis or military conflict. We must continuously monitor and assess the threats so that our leaders can manage these wisely.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
Deutch, John M., 1938-
1996-02-22
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Defense Industrial Security: Weaknesses in U.S. Security Arrangements with Foreign-Owned Defense Contractors, Report to Congressional Requesters
"Since the mid-1980s, development, production, and marketing of weapon systems has been increasingly internationalized through government-sponsored cooperative development programs and various kinds of industrial linkages, including international subcontracting and teaming arrangements, joint ventures, and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Foreign companies have acquired many U.S. defense companies and have legitimate business interests in them. The U.S. government allows such foreign investment as long as it is consistent with U.S. national security interests. Some foreign-owned U.S. companies are working on highly classified defense contracts, such as the B-2, the F-117, the F-22, and military satellite programs. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and intelligence agencies have reported that foreign intelligence activities directed at U.S. critical technologies pose a significant threat to national security. According to these agencies, some close U.S. allies are actively trying to obtain U.S. defense technologies through unauthorized means. To reduce the national security risks of foreign control over companies working on sensitive classified contracts, the Department of Defense (DOD) requires controls known as voting trusts, proxy agreements, and special security agreements (SSA)."
United States. General Accounting Office
1996-02-20
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Afghanistan: Taliban Official Says Divisions Within Movement Growing; Predicts 'Fight with Iran'
"A Taliban official [name excised] discusses the Taliban perspective regarding Pakistani aid to their cause. Claiming Pakistan has only given the Taliban ammunition once, 'at the very beginning of the movement in 1994,' the official explains that due to recent military successes resulting in the seizure of materials, including fuel and ammunition, the Taliban does not need direct supplies from the Pakistanis. He provided one important insight however, commenting that Pakistan 'used Afghan traders to channel money to the Taliban, avoiding wherever possible a direct link with the movement.' Pakistan has previously denied providing the Taliban with large sums of aid, instead asserting the movement remained primarily supported by Afghan traders. This Taliban official implies that Afghan traders supporting the Taliban may actually only be serving as a conduit for Pakistani government funding."
United States. Department of State
1996-02-19
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Executive Order 12989: Economy and Efficiency in Government Procurement Through Compliance with Certain Immigration and Naturalization Act Provisions
"This order is designed to promote economy and efficiency in Government procurement. Stability and dependability are important elements of economy and efficiency. A contractor whose work force is less stable will be less likely to produce goods and services economically and efficiently than a contractor whose work force is more stable. It remains the policy of this Administration to enforce the immigration laws to the fullest extent, including the detection and deportation of illegal aliens. In these circumstances, contractors cannot rely on the continuing availability and service of illegal aliens, and contractors that choose to employ unauthorized aliens inevitably will have a less stable and less dependable work force than contractors that do not employ such persons. Because of this Administration's vigorous enforcement policy, contractors that employ unauthorized alien workers are necessarily less stable and dependable procurement sources than contractors that do not hire such persons. I find, therefore, that adherence to the general policy of not contracting with providers that knowingly employ unauthorized alien workers will promote economy and efficiency in Federal procurement."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1996-02-13
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Transactions Between the Federal Financing Bank and the Department of the Treasury: Memorandum for Edward Knight, General Counsel, Department of the Treasury [February 13, 1996]
"This opinion reviews a possible Federal Financing Bank [FFB] sale of loan assets to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund and other possible related transactions between the FFB and the Department of the Treasury, and concludes that the contemplated transactions would be permissible under existing law."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1996-02-13
