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Nuclear Nonproliferation: India & Pakistan
"As most of the world continues to seek ways to reduce or eliminate the spread of nuclear weapons, two countries seem intent on pursuing a path which is contradictory. India and Pakistan, two neighboring and frequently warring nations, condemn the use of nuclear weapons as they continue to develop the capability to deliver a nuclear payload. Additionally, India has stood against the Non-Proliferation Treaty, insisting that all nations must agree to eliminate nuclear weapons. It is against this seemingly hopeless situation that this report is focused. How can nuclear proliferation in South Asia be diffused while answering the security concerns of both India and Pakistan. What I offer here is a review of the history, the current situation for the area, and a proposed solution to this nuclear stalemate."
Army War College (U.S.)
Fallon, James S.
1997-04-01
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Attended Tactical Ground Sensors: A Must for Force and Resource Protection
"Today, force protection is a growing concern of the armed forces. In part, unfortunately, because of the June 25, 1996, Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 airmen and injured over 400 others. Something must be done immediately to better protect our forces and resources as the military is being deployed more and more into places like Saudi Arabia, Rwanda, Somalia, Bosnia, and Haiti. In the future, less is likely to be known about the physical environment where forces will be deployed, and even less, perhaps, will be known about the threat facing these forces. To effectively deal with this future, the military will need the significant advantages obtainable from Attended Tactical Ground Sensor Systems (ATGSS). The thesis of this paper is that because of the technological advancements in ATGSS, more consideration should be given on how to employ them to enhance force and resource protection. This assertion rings true after closely examining what happened at the Khobar Towers, as well as reviewing such things as combined forces exercise reports, key acquisition documents for physical security equipment (PSE), and ongoing PSE research and development activities. The good news is that it is not too late for the military to begin taking advantage of the important contributions of ATGSS."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Pasquin, Michael F.
1997-04-01
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Type-Based Approach to Program Security
"This paper presents a type system which guarantees that well typed programs in a procedural programming language satisfy a noninterference security property. With all program inputs and outputs classified at various security levels the property basically states that a program output classified at some level, can never change as a result of modifying only inputs classified at higher levels. Intuitively this means the program does not 'leak' sensitive data. The property is similar to a notion introduced years ago by Goguen and Meseguer to model security in multi level computer systems."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Volpano, Dennis; Smith, Geoffrey
1997-04-01
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Annual Report to the President and the Congress [1997]
"The world today is one that is constantly evolving with new security challenges. The threat of a nuclear holocaust has been greatly diminished, but the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction threatens our interests, our forces, and even our homeland. Hostile regimes, instability, and ethnic tensions threaten American interests in key regions. Terrorism, international organized crime, and drug trafficking remain threats to our national interests and to peace and stability. Finally, as recent history clearly reminds us, new dangers can arise suddenly and unpredictably. Even as our security picture evolves, the world is undergoing unprecedented economic, political, and technological change - at a pace that is sometimes breathtaking. These changes are binding our destiny ever more closely to that of our allies and economic partners around the world. This works to our advantage as we seek to promote free markets and principles of democracy, but it also increases the degree to which we are affected by developments overseas. We should not - and cannot-insulate ourselves from the forces that are sweeping the globe. The Department of Defense is committed to pursuing national security policies designed not merely to react to the changing environment, but also to shape the environment in ways that are favorable to our interests- to shift our focus from dealing with the end of one era toward shaping the next one."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Secretary of Defense
Cohen, William S.
1997-04
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Cooperative Threat Reduction
From the thesis abstract: "In response to the dangers presented by the possible diversion of WMD or the technology to rogue nations, the U.S. Congress initiated the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program in 1991. This program is designed to provide Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Russia with assistance in the destruction, transportation, storage, and safeguarding of WMD. CTR is projected to be a multi-billion dollar effort. Critics have charged that the program has provided little results and that the money should be redirected. Is the proliferation threat real, can it be stopped and is CTR the appropriate method of reducing the threat? The threat of proliferation from the new republics is enormous when considering the sheer size of the former Soviet arsenal. Proliferation can occur from many different sources; smuggling, technology transfer, scientist hired by outside countries, theft of whole weapons, etc.. CTR addresses a whole range of possibilities and assists in the destruction of active systems which are designed to destroy the U.S.. CTR has been successful in helping reduce the nuclear weapons delivery systems, through providing destruction equipment and dismantlement help. Clearly, the program should be continued and possibly expanded."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Webb, Jeff
1997-04-01
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Status of Data on Crime and Violence in Schools: Final Report
"Supported by Goal Six of the Goals 2000 Act, several Federal programs and initiatives currently are underway to counter and deter crime and violence in schools. In connection with these efforts, Congress passed legislation requiring the National Center for Education Statistics to collect data to determine the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of violence in elementary and secondary schools in the States. The data will be used to evaluate the impact of Federal programs and initiatives designed to prevent violence in schools. ESSI/AIR [Education Statistics Services Institute/American Institutes for Research] presents in this report an overview of the extant national datasets that can be used to satisfy the legislation. We describe the information related to school crime and violence present in the datasets, and, when possible, we provide a brief assessment of the quality of that information. We also identify and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of a report to Congress based upon the most recently collected data. Finally, we provide recommendations for developing a survey system designed to collect rigorous and detailed information on crime and violence in schools."
National Center for Education Statistics; United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement
Khattri, Nidhi
1997-04
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Oil Pollution Research and Technology Plan [April 1997]
"An analysis of the oil production and transportation system serves as the underlying framework for the plan which describes the system and identifies the strengths, weaknesses, and problems associated with the production and transportation of oil and its products. The plan then assesses current oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response technologies and identifies program areas where research and development (R&D) are needed to fulfill the intent of OPA [Oil Pollution Act] 90. These needs are based on an analysis of activities that result in spills, the sources of spills, and the volumes of oil released at various points in the oil production and transportation system. […] The plan's analysis of the oil production and transportation system indicates clearly that the threat of oil spills remains real and substantial. By both source and volume, the waterborne transportation system poses the greatest risk of spills, with roughly half of the oil spilled in offshore and coastal U.S. waters coming from tankships and barges. However, inland production, transportation, and distribution also account for a substantial volume of spilled oil, with onshore pipelines becoming an ever increasing source of large oil spills. The positive side of the situation is that over 60 percent of all oil spills are preventable, since they result from equipment failure, operator errors, and deliberate dumping. Much remains to be done in the broad categories of spill prevention; spill response planning, training, and management; spill countermeasures and cleanup; and fate (what happens to oil when it enters the environment), transport (how oil moves through the environment) and effects, monitoring and restoration. While R&D efforts should continue in each of these categories, spill prevention holds the most significant potential benefits and should be emphasized. However, since spill prevention will never eliminate all oil spills, spill response technology development and evaluation should continue at present levels. Reduction of the risk of oil spills and their associated environmental and social costs requires that an active, coordinated, and well-funded R&D program be maintained. In pursuit of this goal, the Committee developed this plan to make the case for a continuing federal oil spill R&D program for the next 5-10 year period, and specifically designated the following technology areas as oil spill R&D priorities (Level 1 being highest)."
Interagency Coordinating Committee on Oil Pollution Research (U.S.)
1997-04
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Southern Massachusetts Hurricane Evacuation Study Appendices
This document contains the support documentation to the main Technical Data Report for Massachusetts. The study provides the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency and coastal communities in Southern Massachusetts with realistic data quantifying the major factors involved in hurricane evacuation decision-making. The report also provides guidance on how the information it presents can be used with National Hurricane Center advisories for hurricane evacuation decision-making.
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers
1997-04
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Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 Should the General Staff Debate Be Over?
"This paper is about organizational excellence - more importantly, military organizational excellence - and the need for continuing progress. As a sweeping indictment, the Goldwater Nicholas legislation covered a broad waterfront of pertinent issues. In a paper of this limited length, it would be difficult do justice to them all. Therefore, it does not try, but more narrowly focuses on the organizational foundations we emplace preparing for battle - our predominant mode of operation as we prime to fight the next war. As it does, it explores the changing military and international environment since Goldwater-Nicholas was enacted over a decade ago and how it pertains to the original intent related to Service, Joint Staff, and CINC relationships."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Minner, Donald K.
1997-04
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Deterring Iranian NBC Use
As the United States seeks to deter Iranian aggression in general, and its use of NBC weapons in particular, it is prudent to try to understand the legal and moral traditions that provide a context for Iranian decisions about war. Shiite tradition differs from Western "just war" tradition. While Iranian Shiite interpretations of Islam forbid declaration of offensive religious war, there is a standing authority and indeed an obligation to use force to defend Islam. Such use of force is not considered to be offensive since the persecution of believers is the same as an attack. A jihad (holy war) could thus be readily justified as "defensive." This might mistakenly lead some to believe that Iran would only fight 'defensively' in the sense that it would not strike first and would see NBC weapons strictly as weapons of last resort. However, as a practical matter, virtually any act contrary to Iran's interests taken by the West (such as the U.S. embargo) could be defined by the mullahs as "persecution." Further, while Western just war tradition obliges restraint in the prosecution of war, particularly the requirement that combatants limit, to the greatest degree possible, the impact on non-combatants, once a defensive jihad is declared against disbelievers, there need be little restraint in its prosecution. Employment of NBC weapons, even against civilians-let alone the military-could be justified. Thus there are few apparent moral or religious impediments should Iran choose to employ NBC weapons against the United States. Assessments which fail to recognize that the Iranian justification for war has a significantly lower threshold than that established by Western just war doctrine could be dangerously misleading.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Desutter, Paula A., 1958-
1997-04
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Deterrence in a New Security Environment
The role of nuclear weapons in U.S. security policy following the Cold War has been the subject of much public discussion recently. The issues are complex-much more so than the headlines suggest. It's important that these issues be debated-it's essential that citizens in a free society understand them. The Cold War is over. It is important to recognize the many advances in arms control and strategic stability achieved by the United States and Russia in recent years. Following the 1993 Bottom-Up Review of our overall defense requirements, the Department of Defense embarked on a comprehensive review of the Nation's Nuclear requirements. That Nuclear Posture Review-completed in September 1994-noted "the reduced role nuclear weapons play in U.S. security" and held out the possibility of further arms control reductions. At the same time, the Review reaffirmed the importance of a triad of strategic nuclear forces-land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers-and stressed that, "as long as nuclear weapons remain a factor in international life" deterrence of attack on the United States and our allies "must be our objective." A common criticism of the 1994 Nuclear Posture Review is that it appears to endorse the status quo by affirming many of the principles that existed in the Cold War. What has often not been appreciated is the extent to which America's nuclear posture has changed since the end of the Cold War. Consider, for example, the following:
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Habiger, Eugene B.
1997-04
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1997 Report on the Availability of Bombmaking Information
In section 709(a) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ["the AEDPA"], Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, 1297 (1996), Congress provided that, the Attorney General shall conduct a study concerning -- (1) the extent to which there is available to the public material in any medium that provides instruction on how to make bombs, destructive devices, or weapons of mass destruction; (2) the extent to which information gained from such material has been used in incidents of domestic or international terrorism; (3) the likelihood that such information may be used in future incidents of terrorism; (4) the application of Federal laws in effect on the date of enactment of this Act to such material; (5) the need and utility, if any, for additional laws relating to such material; and (6) an assessment of the extent to which the first amendment protects such material and its private and commercial distribution. Following enactment of the AEDPA a committee was established within the Department of Justice. The committee members divided responsibility for undertaking the tasks mandated by section 709. This Report summarizes the results of these efforts.
United States. Department of Justice. Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section
1997-04
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Cooperative Threat Reduction: Status of Defense Conversion Efforts in the Former Soviet Union, Report to the Chariman, Committee on National Security, House of Representatives
DOD's program to convert former Soviet Union defense industries to commercial enterprises is part of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which DOD has supported since 1992 to reduce the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threat. The program's priority objectives include helping to (1) destroy nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (2) transport and store weapons that are to be destroyed; and (3) prevent weapon proliferation. In addition to these objectives, the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 authorized DOD to establish a program to help demilitarize former Soviet Union defense industries and convert military technologies and capabilities to commercial activities. The Soviet Union had an enormous defense industrial complex that reportedly consisted of 2,000 to 4,000 production enterprises, research and development facilities, and research institutes and employed between 9 million and 14 million people. Although the main objective of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act focused on WMD reduction, the act did not specifically require the defense conversion program to target WMD capability. Nonetheless, DOD targeted WMD industries for conversion with the goals of stimulating foreign and domestic investment in the former Soviet Union and demonstrating that partnerships between private U.S. companies and former Soviet enterprises can succeed.
United States. General Accounting Office
1997-04
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Weapons of Mass Destruction [April 1997]
The policy of mutual destruction limited the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) during the Cold War but has much less significance in today's global environment not only because of multiple regional instability and motivation to acquire, but also increased availability of resources and technologies to build WMD. Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is a preeminent security threat in the 1990's. The US has policies and strategies to stem WMD proliferation and to counter the effects of their use. This paper will identify ways to deter threats of WMD against the United States through counterproliferation strategies of counterforce, active defense, and passive defense. Discussion includes aspects which challenge US interests and place greater burden on policymakers. These include politics, economics, technology and the global mindset.
Army War College (U.S.)
Ryan, Michael W.
1997-04
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Russia's Crumbling Tactical Nuclear Weapons Complex: An Opportunity for Arms Control
This paper presents a novel response to the many security challenges posed by Russian perceptions of the continuing utility of their non-strategic nuclear forces and the related problem of "loose nucs" within the Russian Federation. The authors develop an air-delivered nuclear forces arms control regime and argue that eliminating this class of weapons would be one of the best ways to address these challenges. As the authors point out, despite its many benefits, such a regime would potentially face strong opposition due to its broad sweep, as well as issues such as the requirement for the United States to eliminate the airbreathing leg of the triad. Significantly, the authors bolster the case for the political acceptability of such a regime by uncovering evidence that the Soviets were considering advancing a similar proposal in 1991. However, the Soviet proposal was overtaken by the August 1991 coup attempt and President George Bush's unilateral nuclear initiatives that September. Many readers will no doubt disagree with this proposal and its implications for the US nuclear triad. Nonetheless, the authors' suggestions deserve careful scrutiny because they refocus attention on non-strategic nuclear forces-arguably the largest and most dangerous dimension of the post-Cold War nuclear overhang. In that regard, this paper serves as a logical successor to the discussion in INSS Occasional Paper 10 on the dangers of criminality and weapons proliferation in Russia. INSS is pleased to offer Lambert and Miller's fresh ideas for public debate.
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Roberts, Guy B.
1997-04
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Highlights of the 1995 National Youth Gang Survey
"In February 1995 the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) entered into a cooperative agreement with the Institute for Intergovernmental Research to establish the National Youth Gang Center (NYGC). (For more information on the NYGC, see OJJDP Fact Sheet #28.) One of the major tasks assigned to the NYGC was to conduct periodic national surveys to obtain comprehensive data on youth gang problems. These surveys are designed to build on previous youth gang surveys in coverage of jurisdictions and use of multiple data sources. The first NYGC survey was designed to gather basic information on the universe of gang problem jurisdictions, generating knowledge on the scope and nature of youth gangs that would inform the design of subsequent surveys. It expanded previous surveys by including jurisdictions queried in the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) surveys, Maxson and Klein's gang migration study, Miller's 1980 gang survey (and expanded data base), and cities and towns represented in gang studies conducted by the National Drug Intelligence Center and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. The survey included a random sample of jurisdictions with populations of 25,000 to 150,000 that were included in the 1994 NIJ survey. This makes the NYGC survey cumulative in its coverage. More than 2,000 other law enforcement agencies were also surveyed."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Moore, John P.
1997-04
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Maritime Security Report [April 1997]
The Maritime Security Report is intended to increase awareness of the scope and severity of economic crime affecting U.S. maritime commerce. The Maritime Administration expects increased awareness to contribute toward deterring criminal exploitation of the maritime transportation system, its users and providers. This report focuses on Haiti and the problem of smuggling drugs, and contraband. It also provides policy to confronting maritime security.
United States. Department of Transportation
1997-04
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Fire Department Response to Biological Threat at B'nai B'rith Headquarters Washington, D.C.
"Fire Department Response to Biological Threat at B'nai B'rith Headquarters," is a technical report of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and United States Fire Administration. "On April 24, 1997, the District of Columbia Fire/EMS Department (DCFEMS) responded to the Washington, D.C. offices of B'nai B'rith, an international Jewish organization, for a suspicious package.
The package had been mailed to B'nai B'rith and contained a Petri dish labeled with wording which led local emergency responders to suspect the package might contain Anthrax and Yersinia, both disease-causing bacteria that have been used as biological weapons.Several occupants of the building complained of dizziness and headaches, additional factors that indicated the possible presence of a chemical agent as well. The DCFEMS established a perimeter around the site where the package was located, attempted to protect occupants of the B'nai B'rith building by isolating them in place, established a command post, and set up hazardous material decontamination procedures. After consultation with numerous national agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Biosafety Branch, responders engaged in hazmat operations to secure the package and its contents, which were then sent to a federal laboratory in Bethesda, Maryland. During the operation, DCFEMS decontaminated approximately 30 people for exposure, including civilians, police officers, and fire-rescue personnel.
One security guard suffered chest pains during the incident and was transported to a local hospital for a heart attack following decontamination. Though the threat was a hoax, the incident revealed many lessons for the fire service to share in preparation for any future threats."
United States Fire Administration
1997-04
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U.S. Currency: Treasury's Plans to Study Genuine and Counterfeit U.S. Currency Abroad
"Currencies are susceptible to counterfeiting, but the stability and worldwide acceptance of the U.S. currency has made it a target for international counterfeiters. Although counterfeiters may engage in this activity for direct economic gain, counterfeiting is sometimes linked with other more nefarious criminal endeavors, such as drug trafficking, arms dealing, and alleged terrorist activities. Widespread counterfeiting of U.S. currency could undermine confidence in the currency. Further, if done on a large-enough scale, this activity could reduce international holdings of U.S. currency and have a negative effect on the U.S. economy. While the extent of counterfeit U.S. currency produced and circulated in foreign countries is difficult to determine, an evaluation of the threat can be used to allocate scarce resources and to assess the effectiveness of measures to combat counterfeiting. Upon request, the General Accounting Office reviewed the Audit Plan of the Secretary of the Treasury on the Uses and Counterfeiting of U.S. Currency in Foreign Countries to determine whether it will enable the Secretary of the Treasury to (1) study the use of U.S. currency in foreign countries, (2) study the holding of U.S. currency in foreign countries, and (3) develop useful estimates of the amount of counterfeit U.S. currency that circulates outside the U. S. each year."
United States. General Accounting Office
1997-04
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Cop and the Soldier: An Entangling Alliance? The Posse Comitatus Act and the National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement
The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 (PCA) has served as the main statutory bulwark against the intrusion of federal troops into the domestic law enforcement arena. No one has ever been charged with a violation of PCA; however, it has served to constrain the activities of the military in providing support to civil authorities. During the Cold War, America fielded its first large, standing, professional military in peacetime. As the Cold War ended and perceptions of national security threats evolved, the PCA was amended to provide for a greater military role in domestic security and law enforcement. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevance of PCA in the context of a post-Cold War National Security Strategy. The theory on the use and purpose of professional military forces is used to develop a paradigm on the use and purpose of American professional military forces. The end of the Cold War and the current state of military affairs in the US is unique in that the threat basis for the only large, professional standing Army in American history has dissolved. A perception exists among strategists of the idle presence of enormous capabilities which can address domestic and internal threats. It would appear that the National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement has opened the possibility of developing an entangling alliance between military forces oriented on external threats and police forces oriented on domestic security and law enforcement by coming closer and closer to crossing the line drawn by the PCA. Routine and recurring military support to civilian law enforcement agencies can involve a gradual assumption of civil roles for the military which might erode both its apolitical nature and its technical skill.
Army War College (U.S.)
Diehl, James G.
1997-04
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Threat of Nuclear Movement
While weapons of mass destruction (WMD) include biological, chemical and nuclear material, this paper will focus on the nuclear component. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, nuclear material was left throughout the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). As these new states focused on economic and social issues, security and safety of nuclear material became secondary. This change in focus has provided conditions for the illicit movement of nuclear material and expertise. CIS admissions that illegal movement has occurred have been limited; however, material and technical expertise has been found in numerous locations. The United States and Russia have initiated many notable programs, but the potential exists for continual illicit movement. As such, continual emphasis needs to be placed on stemming the movement of nuclear material and expertise.
Army War College (U.S.)
Paine, Gerald M.
1997-04
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Counterterrorism: A National Security Priority for the 21st Century
As the 20th century draws to a close, the United States has emerged as the world's only superpower. International terrorism is increasing. No other country possesses the wherewithal to challenge the United States on the conventional battlefield. For many countries whose ambitions counter to the U.S. s' national interests, terrorism is an attractive option. More concerting is the increasing availability of weapons of mass destruction to rogue nations and radical terrorist organizations. They now pose a formidable threat. This paper discussed the evolution of international terrorism and the frightening proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. Furthermore it analyzes our national security and military strategy for combating terrorism. This paper concludes that terrorism has the potential to catastrophically impact on the American way of life. Therefore, counterterrorism must become a national security priority for the 21st century.
Army War College (U.S.)
Davis, Edwin F., Jr.
1997-04
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Combatting Terrorism: A New National Strategy
With the Cold War over, the instability of the new world 'disorder' has created a breeding ground for terrorist groups. The United States, as the lone remaining superpower, has increasingly become the target of international right-wing extremist groups seeking to strike a blow for their causes. Conducted by organized, highly trained, and technologically sophisticated paramilitary units, terrorism is in fact a form of warfare waged against the United States and its allies. But current U.S. policy toward terrorism, hampered by its reliance on diplomacy, sanctions, rules of law, and the cooperation of other nations, is ineffective in protecting U.S. interests and the lives of U.S. citizens. To respond effectively, the United States must add an unprecedented dimension to its counterterrorist policy and rise to the next level, a level above a mere criminal law enforcement approach to this threat. That dimension must be specified in a new national strategy that acknowledges terrorism as armed conflict. This strategy must assign the U.S. military a perpetual pro- active role as a deterrent and respondent to the terrorist threat.
Army War College (U.S.)
Hoover, Bruce A.
1997-04
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Sun Tzu and Information Warfare: A Collection of Winning Papers from the Sun Tzu Art of War in Information Warfare Competition
The papers contained in this collection address several of the issue areas dealing with information warfare, which provide innovative and provocative thought to foster a continuing dialogue between interested parties who have interest in information warfare as an integral part of national security strategy. The 1996 winners of the Sun Tzu Award include "Knowledge Strategies: Balancing Ends, Ways, and Means in the Information Age," by LTC William Fast, which describes the effects of information age technologies on United States values, national interests, security policy, and how the ends, ways, and means paradigm must adapt to information age warfare. Matthew Devost, Brian Houghton, and Neil Pollard, in "Information Terrorism: Can You Trust Your Toaster?" present a futuristic information warfare scenario and an information terror typology which illustrates the lethality of information terrorism attacks. "The Silicon Spear: An Assessment of Information-Based Warfare and U.S. National Security," by Charles Everett, Moss Dewindt, and Shane McDade, provides a retrospective and prospective review of information-based warfare in a national security context and within the context of the next revolution in military affairs. In a well-documented paper recognized in an honorable mention category, Colonel Brian Fredericks summarizes information warfare at the three-year mark with the admonition: Where do we go from here?
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
1997-04
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Command and Employment of Space Power: Doctrine for the Asymmetric Technology of the 21st Century
It is inevitable that mankind will weaponize space and likely this weaponization will take place in the next thirty years. The United States is in the early stages of a transition from using space assets to support combat operations on the surface of the earth to using space assets to conduct combat operations in space, from space, and through space. This paper discusses factors driving the United States to take its first steps to weaponize space. It is the time for the Air Force to start building the doctrinal framework for combat operations in, from, and through space to guide the technological development of space assets as the doctrine of strategic bombardment guided Air Force thought and aircraft development prior to World War II. This paper discusses the transition from an air to a space force by examining required changes to Air Force doctrine within the framework of its six core competencies if the Air Force is to organize, train, and equip aerospace forces to conduct combat operations in the space environment.
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Bell, Thomas D.
1997-04
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U.S. Department of Energy Office/Facility-Specific Qualification Standard: Safeguards and Security
This document is part of the Technical Qualification Program (TQP) required by DOE Order 360.1, Training, and supplements the department-wide General Technical Base and functional area qualification standards. It contains the competency requirements safeguards and security staff assigned to the Technical Qualification Program need (as a composite) in order to perform assigned activities. Documented satisfactory completion of the competencies contained in this qualification standard ensures that the safeguards and security staff are qualified to fulfill their duties and responsibilities. Safeguards and Security includes technical and administrative personnel who are assigned the responsibility to ensure the protection of the health and safety of DOE and contractor employees and the public, and to ensure the protection of government and public property and the environment across the ORO arena.
United States. Department of Energy
1997-04
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Reinventing American Federalism
"Reinventing American Federalism" is the overarching theme of this issue of the electronic journal "Issues of Democracy". Over the past 200 years, American federalism has undergone constant evolution. In this issue we examine today's new alignments and balances between the federal, state and local governments from a variety of perspectives. As President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore point out in the lead article of this journal, the necessity for reinvention of government is dictated by scarcer funding resources and a greater need for people to solve their own problems. Clinton and Gore explain how the old top-down governmental relationships are being replaced by partnerships that have produced greater efficiency and better results at the local level. Professor Ellis Katz of the Center for the Study of Federalism at Temple University explains the origins and development of American federalism and analyzes the forces that appear to be moving it in new directions. Governor Michael Leavitt of the state of Utah urges a rebalancing of the American Republic, asking his fellow governors to make more effective use of the powers and tools the Founding Fathers had assigned to the states within the federal system. In an interview, Alice Rivlin, the vice chair of the Board of Governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve System, advocates returning many federal responsibilities to state and local jurisdictions. Finally, reinvention experts David Osborne and Peter Plastrik report on how management based on partnerships has brought the town of Hampton, Virginia back to life.
United States Information Agency
1997-04
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Time for the U.S. to Ratify the Chemical Weapons Convention--A Summary of Events and Arguments
"By examining the past and present chemical disarmament treaties, and combining the thrust of those agreements with the efforts of concerned authors, experts, and organizations, this project argues that the US must acknowledge its superpower responsibility and ratify the CWC before the first meeting of the CSP in May 1997. In addition, a summary of current and alternate technologies aids in understanding the environmental, political, and safety concerns associated with the global demilitarization of chemical weapons. In order to meet the demilitarization timelines within the CWC, world communities must feel safe and accept these available technologies (in their back yard)."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Sutton, Robert L.
1997-04
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International Energy Outlook 1997
"The report begins with a review of world trends in energy demand. The historical time frame begins with data from 1970 and extends to 1995, providing readers with a 25-year historical view of energy demand. The forecasts cover the 20-year period from 1995 to 2015. New to this year's report is an expanded look at energy use in developing Asia and the EE/FSU [Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union]--the regions of greatest uncertainty. High economic growth and low economic growth cases were developed to depict a set of alternative growth paths. These scenarios consider alternative growth paths of regional gross domestic product (GDP). The resulting projections and the uncertainty associated with making international energy projections in general are discussed in the first chapter of the report. The status of environmental issues, including global carbon emissions, is reviewed. Comparisons of the IEO97 [International Energy Outlook 1997] projections with other available international energy forecasts are included in the first chapter. The next part of the report is organized by energy source. Regional consumption projections for oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear power, and renewable energy (hydroelectricity, geothermal, wind, solar, and other renewables) are presented in the five fuel chapters, along with a review of the current status of each fuel on a worldwide basis. The last part of the report contains a discussion of energy consumed by electricity producers."
United States. Energy Information Administration
1997-04
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Annual Report of the Good Neighbor Environmental Board: A Presidential and Congressional Advisory Committee on U.S.-Mexico Border Environmental and Infrastructure Issues
This is the 2rd report of the Good Neighbor Environmental Board (GNEB). "During the past year, the Board has had extensive discussions about critical issues facing the border region, including receiving input from citizens in each of the communities where we met, and has developed a series of recommendations reflected in the enclosed report. The report and recommendations focus on changing the development paradigm along the U.S.-Mexico border--to begin to establish a sustainable development vision for the region. In addition to conventional environmental issues, the Board is also addressing health, transportation, housing, and economic development issues. The current recommendations relate largely to implementation of the new binational Border XXI framework and plan, coordination and leveraging of federal programs in the border region, encouragement of greater private sector participation, and development of needed infrastructure."
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
United States. Good Neighbor Environmental Board
1997-04
