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• Middle East and Persian Gulf

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  U.S. foreign, commercial, security, and defense interests have long been intertwined with the stability of the Middle East region. The collapse of the Arab-Israeli peace process and the current delicate balance in the oil market pose grave concerns, but these developments will not be the main drivers of U.S. strategy and defense policy in the region. The key security issues that will confront the next administration in this region relate to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Iran, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Dual containment as an effective and enforceable policy has run its course. U.S. foreign, commercial, security, and defense interests have long been intertwined with the stability of the Middle East region. The collapse of the Arab-Israeli peace process and the current delicate balance in the oil market pose grave concerns, but these developments will not be the main drivers of U.S. strategy and defense policy in the region. The key security issues that will confront the next administration in this region relate to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Iran, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Dual containment as an effective and enforceable policy has run its course. Political change in Iran may come smoothly or violently, but it will not alter a defense strategy based on acquiring a nuclear capability. Regardless of the means, change is unlikely to lead to major reversals in Tehran's foreign and security policies. U.S. policy in the region, including the defeat of Iraq, the liberation of Kuwait, and the successes of the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) inspectors, has achieved impressive results, but it may also be a victim of its success. Ten years after Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait, and 20 years after the Iranian revolution that threatened to disrupt the Gulf by exporting its revolution, the Gulf states are trying to resume the balance of power as it existed more or less before August 2, 1990. This transition paper will examine these issues and discuss options policymakers may want to consider.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Yaphe, Judith Share, 1944-

  2001
• Europe

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  Despite substantial successes, U.S.-European security relations have been surprisingly acrimonious in the past several years. Transatlantic friction is rooted in differing perceptions of power. Europeans consider U.S. power the predominant fact of the international system and the only influence able to upset a status quo beneficial to their interests. Americans consider Europe to be like the United States, whereas the European perspective is regional rather than global. U.S. policy has focused on preventing emergence of a Europe that is too assertive, whereas the more likely and damaging prospect is a Europe unwilling or unable to more equitably share the burden of our common interests. The new administration should adopt policies more confidently based on U.S. strength and on promoting more responsibility and leadership by European allies on regional and global issues. This approach would more advantageously manage relations, especially on the four security issues likely to be most important: the Balkans, arms control, development of European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP), and NATO enlargement.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Schake, Kori N.; Simon, Jeffrey, 1942-

  2001
• Quadrennial Defense Review Report, September 30, 2001

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  Even before the attack of September 11, 2001, the senior leaders of the Defense Department set out to establish a new strategy for America's defense that would embrace uncertainty and contend with surprise, a strategy premised on the idea that to be effective abroad, America must be safe at home. It sought to set the conditions to extend America's influence and preserve America's security. The strategy that results is built around four key goals that will guide the development of U.S. forces capabilities, deployment, and use: Assuring allies and friends of the United States' steadiness of purpose and its capability to fulfill its security commitments; Dissuading adversaries from undertaking programs or operations that could threaten U.S. interests or those of our allies and friends; Deterring aggression and coercion by deploying forward the capacity to swiftly defeat attacks and impose severe penalties for aggression on an adversary's military capability and supporting infrastructure, and; Decisively defeating any adversary if deterrence fails.

  United States. Department of Defense

  2001-09-30
• Department of Justice Assessment of the Increased Risk of Terrorist or other Criminal Activity Associated with Posting Off-Site Consequence Analysis Information on the Internet

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  This Department of Justice report assesses the risk of terrorist or associated criminal activity with off-site consequence analysis (OCA) posting on the Internet. It is the result of the Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act (CSISSFRRA) signed on August 5, 1999, which requires public access to information on a possible threat via an Internet OCA Internet posting. The background covers Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act, Risk Management Plan (RMPs), Off-Site Consequence Analysis, and Environmental Protection Agency's Website. The national security issues include the threat from international terrorism and domestic terrorism, trends in terrorism involving Weapons of Mass Destruction, the growth of the Internet and threats to our national security, and the United States' response to these threats.

  United States. Department of Justice

  2000-04-18
• Face Recognition at a Chokepoint: Scenario Evaluation Results

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  This report describes an evaluation performed on three face recognition systems manufactured by Identix Incorporated (formerly Visionics Corporation). The evaluation follows the methodology proposed in "An Introduction to Evaluating Biometric Systems," by P. J. Phillips, A. Martin, C. L. Wilson and M. Przybocki in IEEE Computer, February 2000, pp. 56-63. This methodology proposes a three-step evaluation protocol: a top-level technology evaluation, followed by a scenario evaluation and an operational evaluation. A technology evaluation was performed via the Facial Recognition Vendor Test 2000 (FRVT 2000) in May/June 2000. Technologies identified as best candidates for this scenario from FRVT 2000 results were chosen for this scenario evaluation. The goal for this evaluation was to assess the overall capabilities of entire systems for two chokepoint scenarios: verification and watch list. Verification is a one-to-one process where a person presents an identity claim and the system determines if the live face image matches the face image stored under that identity within a certain threshold. An example of a verification application is doorway access control. The watch list scenario is a one-to-many process where a person's live face image is compared to each face image in a watch list and an alarm is triggered if a confidence match exceeds a certain threshold. An example of a watch list application is searching for known terrorists passing through an airport metal detector.

  United States. Department of Defense

  Blackburn, Duane M.; Bone, Mike

  2002-11-14
• Governmental Affairs Committee Hearing on President's Proposal for Terrorism Threat Integration Center: Testimony by Ranking Member Joe Lieberman, February 14, 2003

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  Congressman Joe Lieberman's February 14, 2003 Testimony before the Governmental Affairs Committee Hearing on President's Proposal for Terrorism Threat Integration Center expressed support for the proposal. Lieberman stresses the need "to 'connect the intelligence dots,' to create a full picture, so that we can understand what our adversaries are up to before their plans are carried out." Lieberman also poses several questions regarding the proposal.

  United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs

  2003-03-14
• Theater Engagement Planning

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  "This manual sets forth guidelines and procedures for the geographic CINCs and Executive Agents to develop Theater Engagement Plans (TEPs). This procedural guidance meets the requirement established by reference a to develop a process to globally integrate military engagement activities. It provides military guidance for use by the CINCs and Executive Agents in the development of TEPs in response to JSCP-tasked requirements. This manual specifies the policies, procedures, and formats to be used across the spectrum of engagement activities."

  United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  2000-05-31
• Global Command and Control System Configuration Management Policy

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  "This instruction defines the configuration management (CM) policy for the Global Command and Control System (GCCS) and outlines organizational structure and processes that will improve the management and control of the GCCS. Implementation will result in reduced operational risk, better management information, more mature processes, fewer errors, and faster development...For the purpose of this instruction, GCCS CM is the application of a disciplined process to ensure changes to GCCS and its documentation are identified, tracked, and implemented in a controlled, deliberate manner. The GCCS includes applicable portions of the following: automated data processing (ADP) hardware and software, communications hardware and software, and the Defense Information Systems Network (DISN)."

  United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  2000-07-01
• Joint Staff and Combatant Command Records Management Manual: Volume II--Disposition Schedule

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  "The purpose of this document is to comply with the provisions of reference a, which requires the Joint Staff to implement a generic disposition schedule for the Joint Staff and combatant commands. See subject index of selected disposition items at Enclosure A and complete disposition schedule by major category and number at Enclosure B....The records disposition schedules that follow constitute authority for retention, transfer, temporary or permanent retirement, and/or destruction of record and non-record material within the Joint Staff and combatant commands. Their use is mandatory. Volume I of this manual provides detailed procedures for applying them. General guidelines are reiterated below."

  United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  2003-02-01
• Joint Staff and Combatant Command Records Management Manual: Volume I--Procedures

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  "In accordance with references a through bb, this manual sets forth records management administrative instructions and procedural guidance for the Joint Staff and combatant commands."

  United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  2003-02-01
• Manual for Employing Joint Tactical Communcations Joint Voice Communications Systems

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  "CJCSM 6231.02A provides information and guidance to personnel involved in the planning, engineering, installation, and management of circuit switches that are employed in support of joint exercises and contingency operations. The following major topics are addressed: tactical circuit switch technical and functional descriptions and features; numbering systems and plans and routing; network planning considerations; circuit switch planning and database entries; telephone subscriber and circuit switch interfaces; AN/TTC-39 series switch trunk interfaces; circuit switch interface planning guides; and red switch interconnectivity."

  United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  1998-08-01
• Global Command and Control System (GCCS) Functional Requirements Evaluation Procedures

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  "This manual describes the process for submitting joint functional requirements for the Global Command and Control System (GCCS). If approved, new joint requirements become GCCS applications. It also defines responsibilities and describes specific coordination procedures to take a requirement through the validation, assessment, and approval process."

  United States. Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  1997-03-15
• Beyond Nunn-Lugar: Curbing the Next Wave of Weapons Proliferation Threats from Russia

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  The chapters in this book were originally commissioned by the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (NPEC) as part of a study on the future of U.S.-Russian nonproliferation cooperation. This book is different from other studies of U.S.-Russian cooperation because it relies on competitive strategies, which detail how best to pit one's strengths against a competitor's weaknesses in a series of moves and countermoves. The goal is to devise strategies that force one's competitor to spend more time and resources shoring up his weaknesses than in taking offensive action.

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Riisager, Thomas; Sokolski, Henry D.

  2002-04
• Briefing on Civil Rights Issues Facing Muslims and Arab Americans in Ohio Post-September 11

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  The full transcript of the Ohio Advisory Committee's briefing follows. Because the briefing focused on civil rights implications of September 11, examples of the support Arabs and Muslims received from their fellow Americans after the attacks are few. But in the transcript are the panelists' detailed accounts of the ignominious side of post-September 11 and efforts to combat retaliation. Panelists also discuss frequent misconceptions about Muslims and Islam and the media's role in fueling misconceptions. They discuss the importance of preserving the constitutional rights of Arab Americans in what appears will be a long war on terrorism.

  United States Commission on Civil Rights

  2001-11-14
• Anniversary Update on Commission Activities Related to September 11

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  The various reactions and responses to the events of September 11, 2001, have raised a number of civil rights issues. Violence, threats, and discrimination against Muslims, Arab Americans, and others perceived to be from these communities were the immediate issues arising from the attacks. The anthrax contaminations renewed concerns about disparities in our health care delivery systems and the subsequent adverse impact on communities of color and low-income people. Additionally, legislative responses to the war on terrorism, as well as other actions and proposals, have raised questions about their impact on civil rights and civil liberties. As the watchdog agency charged to monitor the enforcement of federal civil rights laws, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights has given a high priority to addressing civil rights concerns that have been raised as result of the September 11 attacks. In the past year, the Commission has been at the forefront of highlighting civil rights issues stemming from the attacks, as well as developing various programs and services facilitating the identification and analysis of a broad range of substantive issues affected by post-September 11 civil rights concerns.

  United States Commission on Civil Rights

  2002-09
• Briefing on Civil Rights Issues Facing Muslims and Arab Americans in Minnesota Post-September 11

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  On February 12, 2002, the Minnesota Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights held a briefing to examine the civil rights implications of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on Muslims and Arab Americans in the state and to supplement the Commission's national review. Two representatives from the Minnesota chapter of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) spoke at the briefing: Sorya Amra, the chapter's president, and Fouzi Slisli, its media director. They provided a snapshot of issues facing Muslims and Arab Americans, and those perceived to be, in Minnesota in the months after the attacks. Topics discussed included hate crimes and discrimination stemming from September 11, civil liberties concerns over the government's antiterrorism measures, the media's coverage of the treatment of Muslims and Arab Americans, and the ADC's response to these issues. The full transcript of the briefing follows this summary.

  United States Commission on Civil Rights

  2002-02-12
• New World Coming: American Security in the 21st Century: Major Themes and Implications: The Phase I Report on the Emerging Global Security Environment for the First Quarter of the 21st Century

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  In the next century, the spread of knowledge, the development of new technologies, and an increasing recognition of common global problems will present vast opportunities for economic growth, regional integration, and global political cooperation. The size of the world's middle class may increase many times over, lifting literally tens of millions of people from the depredations of poverty and disease. Authoritarian regimes will increasingly founder as they try to insulate their populations from a world brimming with free-flowing information, new economic opportunities, and spreading political freedoms. We may thus see the rise of many new democracies and the strengthening of several older ones. However fragile this process may be, it holds the hope of less conflict in the world than exists today.

  United States Commission on National Security/21st Century

  1999-09-15
• Briefing on Boundaries of Justice: Immigration Policies Post-September 11th

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  The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (Commission) held a public briefing on October 12, 2001, on United States immigration policies in the aftermath of recent terrorist activities. The briefing examined the civil rights implications of these attacks on the evolution of this nation's immigration policies, practices, and laws. There were three panels of speakers. Panel one consisted of representatives from community organizations who provided accounts from their constituents; panel two consisted of legal experts and scholars; and panel three consisted of representatives from two federal agencies: the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and the Department of Transportation (DOT). Panelists discussed issues of harassment, discrimination, and other possible infringements of civil rights resulting from fears of recent terrorism. They discussed proposed civil rights implications of anti-terrorism legislation as well as examined the concerns about the federal government's role in implementing proper security procedures at airports and protecting civil rights in the process. Panelists spoke about racial, ethnic, and religious profiling in times of heightened concern about national security and reviewed current and proposed immigration detention policies in the anti-terrorism legislation. They also made recommendations on how the Commission could be involved in combating discrimination in the wake of the terrorist attacks.

  United States Commission on Civil Rights

  2001-10-12
• New Craft of Intelligence: Achieving Asymmetric Advantage in the Face of Nontraditional Threats

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  This monograph is the third in the Strategic Studies Institute's "Studies in Asymmetry" Series. In it, the author examines two paradigm shifts--one in relation to the threat and a second in relation to intelligence methods-- while offering a new model for threat analysis and a new model for intelligence operations in support to policy, acquisition, and command engaged in nontraditional asymmetric warfare. He concludes with an examination of the Revolution in Military Affairs and the need for a Revolution in Intelligence Affairs.

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Steele, Robert David, 1952-

  2002-02
• Preparing for Asymmetry: As Seen Through the Lens of Joint Vision 2020

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  Since the mid-1990s, the concept of strategic asymmetry has begun to receive serious attention from the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The 1997 Quadrennial Defense Review, for instance, stated, "U.S. dominance in the conventional military arena may encourage adversaries to use . . . asymmetric means to attack our forces and interests overseas and Americans at home." But while American strategists and defense leaders sense the importance of strategy asymmetry, much analytical work remains to be done before it is fully understood. The author assesses the revisions to Joint Vision 2020, DOD's roadmap to the future, that must be undertaken in order to prepare for asymmetric challenges.

  United States. Department of Defense

  Applegate, Melissa A.

  2001-09
• Strikes on Terrorist-Related Facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan: August 20, 1998

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  Links related to U.S. strikes on Afghanistan and Sudan in 1998. Information on these strikes come form the President, Secretary of State and additional information comes from the Travel Department and Background Information.

  United States. Department of State

  1998
• DARPA Fact File: A Compendium of Darpa Programs

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  "DARPA's charter is to prevent technological surprise from harming U.S. national security by sponsoring revolutionary and innovative high-payoff research. This document provides short summaries of selected DARPA programs in FY 2002 and FY 2003, and it is intended as a ready reference for those interested in DARPA's research portfolio. To better illustrate the goals of the programs, the programs have been grouped into three broad areas, each with various sub-areas: National Level Problems, Operational Dominance, High-Risk, High-Payoff Technologies."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2002-04
• Secretary of State's Advisory Panel Report on Overseas Security, June 1998

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  "In convening the Advisory Panel on Overseas Security, the Secretary of State outlined the scope and dimension of the security problems that confront the United States in continuing to do diplomatic business overseas as well as in providing adequate reciprocal protection for foreigners stationed or visiting the United States on diplomatic business. With the cooperation of a wide range of U.S. Government domestic and foreign affairs agencies, the Panel has examined the issues that relate to diplomatic security in the U.S and overseas. This report addresses questions of organization within the Department, professionalism of those executing security responsibilities, international diplomacy to thwart terrorism, the protection of foreign dignitaries and missions, certain intelligence and alerting processes, physical security standards, and the substantial building program that is required."

  United States. Department of State

  1998-06
• Thematic Summary of a Symposium on Security and the Design of Public Buildings

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  America is confronting individuals and organizations that have the financing, training, motivation, equipment, and materials to strike at U.S. interests anywhere in the world. The methods of attack vary from assassinations to truck bombs and could include weapons of mass destruction. And, while the network of international terrorist leader Usama bin Ladin is well financed, many other terrorist groups are discovering that they can carry out missions with modest funds, minimal organization, cheap information, and easily accessible weaponry. Whereas symbolism and convenience were once the high priorities in embassy design, security and safety have now moved to the top.

  United States. Department of State

  1999-11-30
• Hello? Who's Listening In? Wireless Security Basics

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  Presentation given at the GSA/FTS Network Services Conference 2002, April 15-18, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Contents of presentation include: History of 802.11, Wireless Basics, 802.11b Security Issues, Countermeasures, Hacking Wireless, and Solutions

  United States. Federal Technology Service

  2002-04-15
• Transnational Threats: Blending Law Enforcement and Military Strategies

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  "On February 2-3, 2000, the U.S. Army War College, the Triangle Institute for Security Studies, and the Duke University Center for Law, Ethics, and National Security co-sponsored a conference in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The conference examined transnational threats, including terrorism involving weapons of mass destruction, cyber threats to the national infrastructure, and international organized crime. The goal was to evaluate the seriousness of such threats and discuss strategies for dealing with them. In particular, the conference sought to address the question of how military and law enforcement could blend their strategies to better counter transnational threats. A secondary purpose was to clarify the role of the military in meeting challenges that transcend national borders and threaten our national interests. This book highlights some of the main issues and themes that ran through the conference. After looking at the various threats and undertaking a risk assessment, the report considers the unique aspects of transnational threats, and then identifies the key challenges facing the United States, paying particular attention to the role of the military. The book concludes with discussions of some of the steps that should be taken to secure ourselves against transnational threats."

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Pumphrey, Carolyn W. (Carolyn Wilson), 1955-

  2002-11
• Information Revolution and National Security

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  The effects of the information revolution are particularly profound in the realm of national security strategy. They are creating new opportunities for those who master them. The U.S. military, for instance, is exploring ways to seize information superiority during conflicts and thus gain decisive advantages over its opponents. But the information revolution also creates new security threats and vulnerabilities. No nation has made more effective use of the information revolution than the United States, but none is more dependent on information technology. To protect American security, then, military leaders and defense policymakers must understand the information revolution. The essays in this volume are intended to contribute to such an understanding. They grew from a December 1999 conference co-sponsored by the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute and the University of Pittsburgh Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies. The conference brought together some of the foremost members of the academic strategic studies community with representatives of the U.S. Government and U.S. military. As could be expected when examining a topic as complex as the relationship between the information revolution and national security, the presentations and discussions were far-ranging, covering such issues as the global implications of the information revolution, the need for a national information security strategy, and the role of information in U.S. military operations. While many more questions emerged than answers, the conference did suggest some vital tasks that military leaders and defense policymakers must undertake.

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Copeland, Thomas E.

  2000-08
• Challenges of China: Australian Perceptions and Reactions

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  A rapid worsening of Sino-Australian relations in 1996 provided the new Coalition government in Canberra with a clear practical demonstration of the importance of China. China's irritation with Australia had increased in March when an Australian government statement expressed support for the U.S. intervention in the Taiwan Strait crisis. In June 1996, Chinese Minister for Trade Wu Yi expressed "strong concern" over Australia's sudden decision to discontinue its Development Import Finance Facility (DIFF) aid program. China was one of several Asian nations with joint projects that were jeopardized by the DIFF cancellation. China's annoyance with Australia increased in July 1996 after Australia voiced concerns over the fate of democracy and human rights in a post-handover Hong Kong and over China's July nuclear test on the eve of a testing moratorium. Australian Defense Minister Ian McLachlan suggested that China's actions during the Taiwan Strait crisis, its claims in the South China Sea, and its "newly assertive international posture" were destablizing to the region.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Wesley, Michael, 1968-

  2001
• China's Precarious Balance: Cohesiveness and Stability in a Fast-Changing Society

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  Concerns about China's political and social stability figure prominently in Western governments' formulation of policy toward Beijing. Unlike a strong, stable, but less-than-friendly China, an unstable (and presumably weak) China presents a different set of strategic and political challenges to Western policymakers. Instability makes it difficult to protect some of the important interests that have been pursued by the West during the last two decades (such as improvements in human rights, governance, and access to the Chinese market). Internally, political instability usually triggers large-scale violence and loss of government authority. In the case of China, which has a large arsenal of weapons of mass destruction, a likely fallout from such instability would be ineffective control regimes over the exports of such weapons and related technologies.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Pei, Minxin

  2001
• Challenges for Sino-U.S.Relations: Issues and Problems

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  As the world enters a new century and the new millennium, so too does the configuration of world powers. The multipolarization of the world and the globalization of the economy are introducing new international factors. In the post-Cold War era, major powers are readjusting and realigning their relationships. The developed countries, especially the U.S., are enjoying a relatively stable period of economic growth and making progress in science and technology. The information revolution has made the world a more integrated one. Along with these developments are changes in people's mindsets -- mentalities as well as ideas. Another prominent development is the increase of the numbers of nonstate or superstate players, regional organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations. Finally, the disintegration of the former Soviet Union is forcing the U.S. to redefine its strategic defense and China policy. Sino-U.S. relations have a strong international context because of other regional and global factors. The direction that the relationship takes will directly affect peace and economic development around the world and in the Asia-Pacific region in particular. Given the commonality of some goals and difference between China and the U.S., there exist both positive and negative possibilities for their relationship in the years ahead.

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Yang, Jiemian

  2001