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Introduction to Financial Services: The International Foreign Exchange Market [Updated November 1, 2019]
From the Overview: "The international foreign exchange market is a vast, complex assortment of globally dispersed actors and transactions that comprise millions of transactions daily, valued at trillions of dollars. On a daily basis, the value of global foreign exchange transactions eclipses the total global value of economic output and the value of all traded stocks and bonds. These markets are highly liquid as a result of extensive global communications systems and electronic trading venues that operate on a 24-hour basis. Foreign exchange markets respond rapidly to political and economic events and instantaneously transmit market signals across national borders. Governments are adopting or considering regulations to curtail some aspects of the foreign exchange derivatives market and are examining challenges posed by digital currencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-
2019-11-01
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MHS Genesis: Background and Issues for Congress [October 28, 2019]
From the Document: "Since 1968, the Department of Defense (DOD) has developed, procured, and sustained a variety of electronic systems to document the health care services delivered to servicemembers, military retirees, and their family members. DOD currently operates a number of legacy electronic health record (EHR) systems. Each system has separate capabilities and functions as a result of new or changing requirements over the past five decades. The primary legacy systems include the Composite Health Care System (CHCS), Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application (AHLTA), Essentris, and the Corporate Dental System. DOD also still uses paper medical records that are later scanned and digitally archived. Currently, only certain components of DOD's health records are accessible to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). In the early 1990s, concern grew about deficient interoperability between DOD and VA. This led to recommendations by various commissions on military and veterans health care calling for greater coordination and data sharing efforts between the two departments. Between 1998 and 2008, DOD and VA developed several capabilities to exchange patient health information across each department's EHR systems. However, Congress did not view these systems as an adequately integrated approach. This led to several congressional mandates being issued between 2008 and 2014, including for the development of an interoperable EHR (including a deadline to implement such system), for certain capability requirements, and for the creation of an interagency program office. After several strategy changes to meet Congress's mandates, DOD opted to acquire a commercial-off-the-shelf EHR product to replace its legacy EHR systems. The new system would be called MHS [Military Health System] Genesis."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mendez, Bryce H. P.
2019-10-28
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September 11th Victim Compensation Fund (VCF) [October 17, 2019]
From the Document: "The September 11th Victim Compensation Fund (VCF) provides cash benefits to certain persons whose health may have been affected by exposure to debris or toxic substances in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the Pentagon, the World Trade Center, and the terrorist-related aircraft crash at Shanksville, PA. Congress created the original VCF shortly after the 2001 terrorist attacks to provide compensation to persons injured and the families of persons killed in the attacks and their immediate aftermath. [...] All VCF claims must be filed by October 1, 2090. Since its reopening, the VCF has awarded more than $5.5 billion to more than 23,000 claimants. There is no cap on the total VCF award amount, but there are limits on the amounts of individual awards for economic and noneconomic losses claimants suffered. The 2019 reauthorization legislation provides all necessary appropriations for VCF awards and administrative expenses through the end of FY2092."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Szymendera, Scott
2019-10-17
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Resources for Grantseekers [Updated October 17, 2019]
From the Summary: "This report describes key sources of information on government and private funding, and outlines eligibility for federal grants. Federal grants are intended to accomplish public purposes through projects benefiting states and communities. Individuals may be eligible for other kinds of benefits or assistance, and small businesses or students may be eligible for loans. [...] Once a program has been identified, eligible grantseekers may apply electronically for grants at the website Grants.gov through a uniform process for many agencies. Through Grants.gov, grantseekers may identify when federal funding notices and deadlines for a program become available, sign up for email notification of funding opportunities, and track the progress of submitted applications. Because government funds may be limited, the report also discusses sources of private and corporate foundation funding. The Foundation Center is a clearinghouse for information about private, corporate, and community foundations, with publicly-accessible collections of resources in every state."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kreiser, Maria
2019-10-17
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Standard of Proof in Senate Impeachment Proceedings [Updated January 7, 1999]
From the Summary: "The Constitution gives the United States Senate the responsibility for trying impeachments, but does not address the standard of proof that is to be used in such trials. This report concludes that an examination of the constitutional language, history, and the work of legal scholars provides no definitive answer to the question of what standard is to be applied. In the final analysis the question is one which historically has been answered by individual Senators guided by their own consciences."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ripy, Thomas B.
1999-01-07
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Turkish Incursion into Syria: U.S. Policy Implications [October 11, 2019]
From the Document: "On October 9, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced the start of 'Operation Peace Spring,' which he stated would target both Kurdish and Islamic State (IS, aka ISIL/ISIS) fighters in northern Syria. Turkey then launched an air and ground assault against Kurdish forces. Turkey's foreign minister has stated that Turkish forces plan to go 18 miles into Syrian territory, and eventually to occupy a corridor along the border. The commander of the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) had stated that the SDF would resist, and fighting has escalated. The launch of the operation followed an October 6 call between President Donald Trump and Erdogan, after which the White House announced that Turkey would 'soon be moving forward with its long-planned operation into Northern Syria,' and that U.S. forces would 'no longer be in the immediate area.' Some Members of Congress then argued that a 'precipitous withdrawal' of U.S. forces would benefit Russia, Iran, the Islamic State, and the Syrian regime."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humud, Carla E.; Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); Zanotti, Jim
2019-10-11
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Overview of the Impeachment Process [Updated April 20, 2005]
From the Summary: "The Constitution sets forth the general principles which control the procedural aspects of impeachment, vesting the power to impeach in the House of Representatives, while imbuing the Senate with the power to try impeachments. Both the Senate and the House have designed procedures to implement these general principles in dealing with a wide range of impeachment issues. This short report provides a brief overview of the impeachment process, reflecting the roles of both the House and the Senate during the course of an impeachment inquiry and trial."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Halstead, T. J.
2005-04-20
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Public Transit Ridership Continues to Decline [October 16, 2019]
From the Document: "Despite suggestions that ridership on the nation's public transportation systems is beginning to grow again, available evidence suggests this optimism is premature. According to data from the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), 2018 marked the fourth straight year of declining ridership, falling by about 2.5% from the year before. [...] Two major federal transit policies related to these issues are the general funding of public transportation, distributed mainly by formula, and the discretionary funding of new large capital projects such as rail and bus rapid transit systems through the Capital Investment Grants (CIG) Program, also known as New Starts. [...] Congress may consider options to address public transit ridership trends as it weighs reauthorization of federal surface transportation programs. The current authorization expires at the end of FY2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mallett, William J.
2019-10-16
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Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) [Updated October 23, 2019]
From the Document: "The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) is an interagency body comprised of nine Cabinet members, two ex officio members, and other members as appointed by the President, that assists the President in reviewing the national security aspects of foreign direct investment in the U.S. economy. While the group often operated in relative obscurity, the perceived change in the nation's national security and economic concerns following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the proposed acquisition of commercial operations at six U.S. ports by Dubai Ports World in 2006 placed CFIUS's review procedures under intense scrutiny by Members of Congress and the public. In 2018, prompted by concerns over Chinese and other foreign investment in U.S. companies with advanced technology, Members of Congress and the Trump Administration enacted the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA), which became effective on November 11, 2018. This measure marked the most comprehensive revision of the foreign investment review process under CFIUS since the previous revision in 2007, the Foreign Investment and National Security Act (FINSA). On September 17, 2019, the Department of the Treasury proposed regulations for public notice and comment to implement key parts of FIRRMA concerning how certain real estate and noncontrolling investments will be scrutinized[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-
2019-10-23
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Dam Safety Overview and the Federal Role [October 24, 2019]
From the Document: "Dams provide various services, including flood control, hydroelectric power, recreation, navigation, and water supply, but they require maintenance, and sometimes rehabilitation and repair, to ensure public and economic safety. Dam failure or incidents can endanger lives and property, as well as result in loss of services provided by the dam. Federal government agencies reported owning 3% of the more than 90,000 dams listed in the National Inventory of Dams (NID), including some of the largest dams in the United States. The majority of NID-listed dams are owned by private entities, nonfederal governments, and public utilities. Although states have regulatory authority for over 69% of NID-listed dams, the federal government plays a key role in dam safety policies for both federal and nonfederal dams."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2019-10-24
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Defense Health Care: DOD Needs to Fully Assess Its Nonclinical Suicide Prevention Efforts and Address Any Impediments to Effectiveness, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "Suicide is a public health problem facing all populations, including the military. From 2014 to 2019, the rate of suicide increased from 20.4 to 25.9 per 100,000 active component servicemembers. Over the past decade, DOD has taken steps to address the growing rate of suicide in the military through efforts aimed at prevention. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review DOD's suicide prevention programs. This report examines DOD's suicide prevention efforts, including, among other objectives, (1) the extent to which non-clinical efforts are assessed for being evidence based and effective and (2) any impediments that hamper the effectiveness of these efforts."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-04
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Border Security: CBP Has Taken Actions to Help Ensure Timely and Accurate Field Testing of Suspected Illicit Drugs, Report to the Chairwoman, Caucus on International Narcotics Control, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "Within the Department of Homeland Security, CBP [U.S. Customs and Border Protection] reported seizing approximately 830,000 pounds of drugs in fiscal year 2020. When CBP officers and agents encounter suspected illicit drugs, they conduct a presumptive field test. A positive test result is one factor CBP uses to establish probable cause for an arrest or seizure. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review issues related to CBP's field drug testing. This report examines (1) CBP's policies and procedures for testing suspected illicit drugs in the field; (2) available data on CBP's field drug testing; and (3) CBP's efforts to help ensure timely and accurate test results."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-04
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National Security DOD and State Have Processes for Formal and Informal Challenges to the Classification of Information, Report to the Honorable Christopher S. Murphy, U.S. Senate
From the Document: "Classified national security information is vital to U.S. national interests. The appropriate protection and handling of this information is a top priority for the executive branch and Congress. Based on guidance, such as Executive Order 13526, 'Classified National Security Information,' authorized holders with access to classified information may submit a classification challenge if there are reasons to believe information is improperly classified. According to DOD and State officials, Members may also submit a classification challenge. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review the processes for challenging the classification of national security information. This report describes (1) the processes to challenge the classification of information at DOD and State; and (2) the processes that Members of Congress can use to challenge the classification of information at DOD and State. GAO reviewed applicable laws and regulations, and DOD, State, and other guidance related to the classification of information and classification challenge processes. GAO also interviewed DOD, State and ISOO [Information Security Oversight Office] officials."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-04
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 965, Young African Leaders Initiative Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on February 25, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 965 would extend the Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI) through 2026, expand eligibility for a fellowship program that is part of that initiative, and require the Department of State to report to the Congress on its implementation of the initiative. [...] YALI was established in 2010 to support young African leaders in the areas of civic engagement, business, and public management. The initiative's operating budget for 2021 is $30 million. After adjusting for inflation and assuming appropriation of the estimated amounts, CBO estimates that extending YALI under H.R. 965 would cost a total of $105 million over the 2021-2026 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-04-19
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1921, to Amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act to Reauthorize the Lake Pontchartrain Basin Restoration Program, and for Other Purposes
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on March 24, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 1921 would authorize the appropriation of $20 million annually over the 2022-2026 period for the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Lake Pontchartrain Basin Restoration Program. That program provides grants and technical assistance for projects that have been identified in a management plan approved under the EPA's National Estuary Program to improve the ecological health of the basin. In 2021, EPA received appropriations totaling $2 million to carry out the program. The bill also would require EPA to ensure the basin's management plan is revised at least every five years, expand the geographic definition of the basin, and allow EPA to use up to 5 percent of the appropriated funds to administer the program."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-04-19
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Restitution in Federal Criminal Cases [Updated October 15, 2019]
From the Summary: "Restitution in federal criminal cases is a matter of statute. A handful of statutes identify the victims who are eligible to receive restitution; what criminal convictions may trigger an obligation to pay restitution; the losses for which victims may be compensated; and the procedure by which restitution is ordered and enforced. [...] The Department of Justice, acting on behalf of a victim, may enforce a restitution order in the manner it uses to collect fines or by 'all other available and reasonable means.' Victims may secure a lien in their own names against the defendant's property in order to secure restitution, and they may bring other civil actions in their own names against the defendant. The courts do not agree on whether the abatement doctrine cuts off unfulfilled obligations under a restitution order. The abatement doctrine provides that when a defendant dies while his or her appeal is still pending the law treats the defendant's indictment and conviction as though they had never happened. The conviction is vacated and the indictment dismissed."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Doyle, Charles
2019-10-15
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Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Overview and Issues for Congress [Updated October 28, 2019]
From the Summary: "The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program provides nonreciprocal, duty-free tariff treatment to certain products imported from designated beneficiary developing countries (BDCs). [...] Currently, 120 developing countries and territories are GSP beneficiary developing countries (BDCs). The program provides duty-free entry into the United States for over 3,500 products (based on 8-digit U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule tariff lines) from BDCs, and duty-free status to an additional 1,500 products from 44 GSP beneficiaries additionally designated as least-developed beneficiary developing countries (LDBDCs). In 2018, products valued at about $23.8 billion (imports for consumption) entered the United States duty-free under the program, out of $238.4 billion worth of total imports from GSP-eligible countries. Total U.S. imports from all countries amounted to about $2.6 trillion in 2018. [...] This report examines, first, recent legislative developments, along with a brief history, economic rationale, and legal background leading to the establishment of the GSP. Second, the report describes U.S. GSP implementation. Third, the report briefly analyzes the U.S. program's effectiveness and stakeholders' views, and discusses possible options for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jones, Vivian Catherine
2019-10-28
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Incidence and Magnitude of the Health Costs of In-Person Schooling During the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Abstract: "The health costs of in-person schooling during the pandemic, if any, fall primarily on the families of students, largely due to the fact that students significantly outnumber teachers. Data from North Carolina, Wisconsin, Australia, England, and Israel covering almost 80 million person-days in school help assess the magnitude of the fatality risks of in-person schooling (with mitigation protocols), accounting for the age and living arrangements of students and teachers. The risks of in-person schooling to teachers are comparable to the risks of commuting by automobile. Valued at a VSL [value of a statistical life] of $10 million, the average daily fatality cost ranges from $0.01 for an unvaccinated young teacher living alone to as much as $29 for an elderly and unvaccinated teacher living with an elderly and unvaccinated spouse. COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] risk avoidance may also be more amenable to Bayesian updating and selective protection than automobile fatalities are. The results suggest that economic behaviors can sometimes invert epidemiological patterns when it comes to the spread of infectious diseases in human populations."
Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics
Mulligan, Casey B.
2021-03
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Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of February 28, 2021 (Fiscal Year 2021 Report to Congress)
From the Background: "P.L. 116-260 requires that the FEMA Administrator provide a report by the fifth business day of each month on the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) that includes a funding summary, a table delineating DRF funding activities each month by state and event, a summary of the funding for the catastrophic events, and the fund exhaustion date, or end-of-fiscal-year balance. P.L. 116-136 requires that both projected and actual costs for funds provided by it for major disasters and any other expenses be provided to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2021-03-11
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Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of December 31, 2020 (Fiscal Year 2021 Report to Congress)
From the Background: "P.L. 116-260 requires that the FEMA Administrator provide a report by the fifth business day of each month on the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) that includes a funding summary, a table delineating DRF funding activities each month by state and event, a summary of the funding for the catastrophic events, and the fund exhaustion date, or end-of-fiscal-year balance. P.L. 116-136 requires that both projected and actual costs for funds provided by it for major disasters and any other expenses be provided to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2021-01-08
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Disaster Relief Fund: Monthly Report as of November 30, 2020 (Fiscal Year 2021 Report to Congress)
From the Background: "P.L. 116-93 requires that the FEMA Administrator provide a report by the fifth business day of each month on the Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) that includes a funding summary, a table delineating DRF funding activities each month by state and event, a summary of the funding for the catastrophic events, and the fund exhaustion date, or end-of-fiscal-year balance. P.L. 116-136 requires that both projected and actual costs for funds provided by it for major disasters and any other expenses be provided to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2020-12-07
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How Companies Transformed During 2020 and the Impact on Frontline Workers [presentation]
From the About: "[1] In 2020, we received funding from Strada Education Network and Walmart.org to conduct a 12-month, 3-phase study. [2] The focus of the study is to learn how the pandemic and heightened attention on racial inequities have influenced companies' employment, education, and short- and long-term training plans for the months and years ahead." The study had 4 key questions. "[1] In today's rapidly changing business environment and economy, what are the workforce skill needs that are increasingly important? [2] In what ways are these skill needs affecting a range of employment practices, including education and training programs for frontline workers? [3] How has the current context - the pandemic and heightened attention on racial inequities - influenced businesses' workplace hiring practices as well as plans to support career advancement for frontline workers? [4] What types of employee concerns have surfaced regarding what they are facing in the workplace and at home? What are the ways that businesses are helping to support employees' needs?"
Aspen Institute. Economic Opportunities Program
2021-03
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COVID-19 Loans: SBA Has Begun to Take Steps to Improve Oversight and Fraud Risk Management, Statement of William B. Shear, Director, Financial Markets and Community Investment, Testimony Before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "SBA [Small Business Administration] has made or guaranteed about 18.7 million loans and grants through PPP [Paycheck Protection Program] and the EIDL [Economic
Injury Disaster Loans] program, providing about $968 billion to help small businesses adversely affected by COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. PPP provides potentially forgivable loans to small businesses, and EIDL provides low-interest loans of up to $2 million for operating and other expenses, as well as advances (grants). This testimony discusses the lack of controls in PPP and the EIDL program and SBA's efforts to improve its oversight of these programs"
United States. Government Accountability Office
Shear, William B.
2021-04-20
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COVID-19: Emergency Financial Aid for College Students Under the CARES Act
From the Document: "In March 2020, many schools (colleges and other institutions of higher education) across the country closed their physical campuses in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic and began exclusively providing classes online. As a result of these measures to curb the spread of COVID-19, which began during the 2020 school year and continued into the next, students incurred unexpected expenses for travel, housing, food, health care, and technology purchases to facilitate distance learning. These unplanned expenses, along with a declining economy, were particularly disruptive to the educational pursuits of students with limited resources. The CARES [Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security] Act was enacted in March 2020 and appropriated about $14 billion for the Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund (HEERF), of which about $12.6 billion was for grants to schools to prevent, prepare for, and respond to COVID-19. [...] In June 2020, GAO [Government Accountability Office] issued the first of a series of reports on key federal efforts to address the pandemic, which included a description of Education's distribution of HEERF grants to schools and Education's communication with schools about student eligibility for emergency student aid. This report builds on that work and examines (1) how HEERF emergency student aid funds were provided to schools under the CARES Act, and (2) how schools distributed emergency student aid to eligible students."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-04-20
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1870, Strengthening Local Transportation Security Capabilities Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on March 18, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 1870 would direct the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to prioritize the assignment of federal officers and intelligence analysts to existing fusion centers in jurisdictions where high-risk surface transportation systems are located to enhance the gathering and sharing of information about security-related threats. (Fusion centers are state-owned facilities that help coordinate the efforts of government agencies and other law enforcement entities to assess threats.) The bill also would require the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to review implementation of those information sharing activities. Lastly, H.R. 1870 would authorize DHS to develop a training program for nonfederal law enforcement agencies."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-04-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Transportation Security Administration Legislation [April 23, 2021]
"On March 18, the House Committee on Homeland Security ordered reported the following bills: [1] H.R. 1871, the Transportation Security Transparency Improvement Act, would direct the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to improve the transparency of the agency's guidelines for sensitive security information (SSI) and international aviation security directives by clearly designating SSI, reviewing and updating SSI guidelines, coordinating with aviation industry and law enforcement personnel, and briefing the Congress. [2] H.R. 1877, the Security Screening During COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Act, would direct TSA, in consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services, to issue and begin implementing a plan to reduce the risk of coronavirus transmission at TSA checkpoints. The bill also would require the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to review that plan. [3] H.R. 1893, the Transportation Security Preparedness Act of 2021, would direct TSA to survey its workforce and report to the Congress regarding the agency's efforts to mitigate transmission of the COVID-19 virus among the workforce. [...4] H.R. 1895, the Transportation Security Public Health Threat Preparedness Act of 2021, would authorize TSA to provide personnel to other federal agencies to coordinate efforts to address public health threats to the U.S. transportation security system."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-04-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1333, National Origin-Based Antidiscrimination for Nonimmigrants Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on April 14, 2021. From the Document: "The Immigration and Nationality Act 'grants the President broad discretion to suspend the entry of aliens into the United States.' H.R. 1333 would amend that act to narrow the President's authority to impose entry or visa restrictions on aliens (non-U.S. nationals) based on their country of birth, country of nationality, and certain other characteristics. By limiting the President's authority to restrict entry into the United States, the bill could increase the number of aliens who arrive in the country and receive federal benefits. However, the current Administration has not proposed any entry or visa restrictions that would be affected by H.R. 1333; to the contrary, it has revoked several entry and visa restrictions that had been promulgated by the previous Administration. Therefore, CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 1333 would have no budgetary effects. (CBO has no basis for predicting whether a future Administration would seek to impose entry or visa restrictions in the absence of this legislation.)"
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-04-19
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2118, Securing America from Epidemics Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on March 25, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2118 would authorize the United States to participate in the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). CEPI's mission is to accelerate the development of vaccines to treat emerging infectious diseases and to facilitate access to those vaccines during outbreaks. In September 2020, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) signed an agreement to contribute $20 million to CEPI over a five-year period. An initial $4 million contribution was made for 2020 and a second $4 million payment is planned for 2021, both using available appropriations. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects that the USAID will contribute another $4 million in 2022 using available funds from the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 or other existing appropriations. On that basis, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would require additional appropriations of $4 million a year over the 2023-2024 period to fulfill the $20 million commitment."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-04-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 688, BOLIVAR Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on March 17, 2021. From the Document: "S. 688 would generally prohibit any executive agency from entering into a contract with any person that has business operations with any authority of the Venezuelan government that is not recognized as the legitimate government by the United States. That prohibition could be waived for certain contracts, such as those determined by the Secretary of State to be in the national security interests of the United States."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-04-23
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Standards and Guidelines for Internal Affairs: Recommendations from a Community of Practice
From the Document: "Through a grant from the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) convened the National Internal Affairs Community of Practice group comprising the LAPD and 11 major city and county law enforcement agencies. The purpose was to share and develop standards, recommendations, and best practices in Internal Affairs work, discuss differences and similarities in practice, and look at various approaches to improving individual and collective agencies' Internal Affairs practices. This report is the result of the group's work. The project reaffirmed the vital importance of Internal Affairs as a critical internal police agency function. Internal Affairs serves two communities--law enforcement and the general public--and is essential in building and maintaining mutual trust and respect between the two."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
2009-08-21?
