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H. Rept. 117-269: Providing for Consideration of Senate Amendment to the Bill (H.R. 2471) to Measure the Progress of Post-Disaster Recovery and Efforts to Address Corruption, Governance, Rule of Law, and Media Freedoms in Haiti; Providing for Consideration of the Joint Resolution (H.J. Res. 75) Making Further Continuing Appropriations for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2022, and for Other Purposes; Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 6968) to Prohibit the Importation of Energy Products of the Russian Federation, and for Other Purposes; and Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 7007) Making Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Coronavirus Response and Relief for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2022, and for Other Purposes, Report to Accompany H. Res. 973, March 9, 2022
From the Document: "The Committee on Rules, having had under consideration House Resolution 973, by a record vote of 9 to 3, report the same to the House with the recommendation that the resolution be adopted. [...] The resolution provides for consideration of the Senate amendment to H.R. 2471, the Haiti Development, Accountability, and Institutional Transparency Initiative Act [Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022]. The resolution makes in order a motion offered by the chair of the Committee on Appropriations or her designee that the House concur in the Senate amendment with an amendment consisting of the text of Rules Committee Print 117-35, modified by the amendment printed in this report. The resolution waives all points of order against consideration of the motion. The resolution provides that the Senate amendment and the motion shall be considered as read. The resolution provides one hour of general debate on the motion equally divided and controlled by the chair and ranking minority member of the Committee on Appropriations or their designees. The resolution provides that the question of adoption of the motion shall be divided for a separate vote on all of the matter proposed to be inserted by the amendment of the House other than divisions B, C, F, X, and Z, and titles 2 and 3 of division N. The two portions of the divided question shall be considered in the order specified by the Chair."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-03-09
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MMWR Early Release: SARS-CoV-2 Incidence in K-12 School Districts with Mask-Required Versus Mask-Optional Policies -- Arkansas, August-October 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Incidence in K-12 School Districts with Mask-Required Versus Mask-Optional Policies -- Arkansas, August-October 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-03-08
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Executive Order 14066: Prohibiting Certain Imports and New Investments with Respect to Continued Russian Federation Efforts to Undermine the Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of Ukraine
From the Document: "I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, hereby expand the scope of the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14024 of April 15, 2021, and relied on for additional steps taken in Executive Order 14039 of August 20, 2021, finding that the Russian Federation's unjustified, unprovoked, unyielding, and unconscionable war against Ukraine, including its recent further invasion in violation of international law, including the United Nations Charter, further threatens the peace, stability, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of Ukraine, and thereby constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2022-03-08
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U.S. Office of Government Ethics Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2022-2026
From the Document: "Maintaining the trust of the citizens we serve is a shared responsibility between OGE [U.S. Office of Government Ethics] and executive branch agencies. OGE ensures that the ethics program remains an effective prevention mechanism to guard against conflicts of interest and violations of ethical standards. As the supervising ethics office, OGE sets policy for the entire executive branch ethics program. This program involves a variety of key elements, including leadership support, financial disclosure, education and training, ethics counseling, remediation of conflicts of interest, and transparency."
United States. Office of Government Ethics
2022-03-08?
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Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) [March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "On March 2, 2022, the Biden Administration submitted to Congress a request for $5 billion in emergency supplemental funding [hyperlink] for Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations accounts to address the crisis [hyperlink] caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine [hyperlink]. Such funds were requested as part of a broader package that would provide a total of $10 billion for Ukraine and $22.5 billion for response activities related to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. (The remaining $5 billion for Ukraine would be for the Departments of Defense [$4.8 billion], Commerce [$21 million], Energy [$39 million], Justice [$59 million], and Treasury [$91 million].) The $5 billion for SFOPS would be divided among four appropriations accounts to 'bolster U.S. security and economic assistance to Ukraine as well as regional allies and partners' and 'support lifesaving humanitarian assistance, including emergency food assistance, and additional support for vulnerable populations and communities,' according to the request."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgenstern, Emily M.
2022-03-08
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Terrorism Risk Insurance: Overview and Issue Analysis [March 8, 2022]
From the Introduction: "Prior to the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, insurers generally did not exclude or separately charge for coverage of terrorism risk. The events of September 11, 2001, changed this as insurers realized the extent of possible terrorism losses. Estimates of insured losses from the 9/11 attacks are more than $50 billion in current dollars, the largest insured losses from a nonnatural disaster on record. [...] Because of the lack of public data on, or modeling of, the scope and nature of the terrorism risk, reinsurers felt unable to accurately price for such risks and largely withdrew from the market for terrorism risk insurance in the months following September 11, 2001. [...] In November 2002, Congress responded to the fears of economic damage due to the absence of commercially available coverage for terrorism with passage of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA). TRIA created a three-year Terrorism Insurance Program (usually referred to as the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program or TRIP) to provide a government reinsurance backstop in the case of terrorist attacks. [...] The insurance industry has largely continued to support TRIA, as have commercial insurance consumers in the real estate and other industries that formed a 'Coalition to Insure Against Terrorism.' However, not all insurance consumers have consistently supported the renewal of TRIA."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Webel, Baird
2022-03-08
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H. Rept. 117-259, Part 1: Care is an Economic Development Strategy Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 5547, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, March 8, 2022
From the Background and Need for Legislation: "For millions of Americans, caring for a child or parent is an obstacle to obtaining full time employment. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey, over 7.5 million respondents attributed caring for a child who was not in school or daycare as the main reason they were not employed. An additional 1.9 million respondents cited the lack of elder care. H.R. 5547 would add access to affordable, quality care-based services to the considerations required in CEDS [comprehensive economic development strategy] development. Incorporation of these considerations would only be required as part of a regularly scheduled CEDS update."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-03-08
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President's Selection of a Supreme Court Nominee: The Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson in Historical Context [March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "This Insight provides historical information related to the selection of past Supreme Court nominees, as well as information about the recent selection of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson [hyperlink] to fill the anticipated vacancy created by Justice Stephen Breyer's announcement [hyperlink] that he would retire at the end of the Court's current term (assuming his successor is nominated and confirmed by then). For additional information related to a President's selection of a Supreme Court nominee, such as the criteria used to select a Supreme Court nominee, see CRS Report R44235 [hyperlink]. [This information] is provided for comparative purposes and does not presume the outcome of Judge Jackson's nomination."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McMillion, Barry J.
2022-03-08
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Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Relief Programs: Audit of Treasury's Implementation of the Emergency Capital Investment Program
From the Document: "This report presents the results of our audit of the Department of the Treasury's (Treasury) implementation of the Emergency Capital Investment Program (ECIP) authorized by Title V, Subtitle B, 'Community Development Investment,' under Division N of the 'Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021' (CAA, 2021). ECIP is to provide up to $9 billion of emergency capital investments to low-and moderate-income community financial institutions that support small and minority-owned businesses and consumers responding to the economic impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, the Treasury Office of Inspector General (OIG) is required to submit a report twice a year to Congress and Treasury on the oversight provided for the programs established under Subtitle B, including any recommendations for improvement. In accordance with this mandate, we conducted this audit. Our audit objective was to assess Treasury's progress made to implement ECIP, including funding, staffing, processes, and internal controls established, to ensure the effective and efficient administration of the program."
United States. Department of the Treasury. Office of Inspector General
2022-03-08
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Climate Resilience: Opportunities to Improve Federal Planning and Implementation, Statement of J. Alfredo Gomez, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, Testimony Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "The increasing number of natural disasters in the U.S. and reliance on federal assistance to address them are sources of federal climate-related fiscal exposure. 'Limiting the Federal Government's Fiscal Exposure by Better Managing Climate Change Risks' has been on GAO's [U.S. Government Accountability Office's] High-Risk List since 2013, in part because of the increasing costs of federal disaster response and recovery efforts. For example, from fiscal years 2015 through 2021, select appropriations for disaster assistance totaled $315 billion. GAO has previously found that enhancing climate resilience could help limit future costs. Enhancing climate resilience means taking actions to reduce potential future losses by planning and preparing for potential climate hazards. Agencies have taken some actions, including in the areas of climate resilience planning. This testimony focuses on how Congress and federal agencies can improve climate resilience planning and implementation by applying principles of GAO's 'Disaster Resilience Framework'. This testimony is based on findings and methodologies of GAO reports on climate resilience from May 2011 through September 2021. [...] Since 2003, GAO has made 84 recommendations and suggested six matters for congressional consideration related to enhancing climate resilience and limiting the federal government's fiscal exposure to climate change. As of March 2022, 31 recommendations are not yet implemented."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Gómez, J. Alfredo
2022-03-08
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Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA): Workers' Compensation for Federal Employees [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Summary: "The Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA) is the workers' compensation program for federal employees. Like all workers' compensation programs, FECA pays disability, survivors, and medical benefits, without regard to who was at fault, to employees who are injured or become ill in the course of their federal employment and to the survivors of employees killed on the job. The FECA program is administered by the Department of Labor (DOL) and the costs of benefits are paid by each employee's host agency."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Szymendera, Scott
2022-03-08
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Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "Ex-Im Bank, the official U.S. export credit agency (ECA), provides financing and insurance to facilitate U.S. goods and services exports to support U.S. jobs, per a renewable, general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended; 12 U.S.C. [United States Code] §§635 'et seq.'). It aims to support U.S. exports when the private sector is unwilling or unable to do so, and/or when those exports compete against ECA-backed foreign exports. It is demand-driven, fee-based, and backed by the U.S. government's full faith and credit."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias
2022-03-08
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Department of Homeland Security's 'Metering' Policy: Legal Issues [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "Generally, a non-U.S. national ('alien', as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [hyperlink] [INA]) who arrives in the United States without valid documentation is subject to a streamlined, expedited removal process [hyperlink], but may pursue asylum and related protections [hyperlink] if the alien demonstrates a credible fear of persecution in his or her country of origin. Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) U.S. Customs and Border Protection [hyperlink] (CBP) had been limiting the number of asylum seekers who were processed each day at designated ports of entry along the U.S. southern border. Aliens affected by this policy generally had not yet reached the U.S. border and were required to remain in Mexico until CBP decided it could process them. This policy-- known as 'metering'--sought to address an 'unprecedented rise in asylum requests [hyperlink],' as well as safety and health concerns [hyperlink] resulting from overcrowding at ports of entry. The policy has led to [hyperlink] long wait times and overcrowded conditions on the Mexican side of the border, and has arguably incentivized [hyperlink] attempts to illegally cross the border between ports of entry."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2022-03-08
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Cost-Benefit Analysis in Federal Agency Rulemaking [March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "Since the 1970s, federal agencies have been required to consider the costs and benefits of certain regulations that are expected to have large economic effects. Under current requirements, most agencies are to design regulations in a cost-effective manner and ensure that the benefits of their regulations justify the costs. Cost-benefit analysis of regulations is primarily required by Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, which was issued in 1993 and remains in effect. E.O. 12866 is one of the analytical requirements that are part of the federal rulemaking process, which includes other executive orders, guidance documents from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and statutory requirements. This In Focus provides a brief overview and discussion of the key cross-cutting executive orders and statutes that require cost-benefit and other types of regulatory impact analysis in the federal rulemaking process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carey, Maeve P.
2022-03-08
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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2022 [March 8, 2022]
From the Summary: "This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its Armed Forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military deployments, especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Torreon, Barbara Salazar; Plagakis, Sofia
2022-03-08
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Ninth Circuit Holds That Criminal Penalties for Encouraging or Inducing Illegal Immigration Violate First Amendment [March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) governs the admission, removal, and presence of non-U.S. nationals ('aliens', as the term is used in the INA [hyperlink]) in the United States. Although it is generally not a crime [hyperlink] for a removable alien to be present in the United States, Congress has established criminal sanctions for certain conduct [hyperlink] that undermines immigration rules. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1324 [hyperlink], it is a crime for an individual to smuggle, transport, harbor, or conceal unlawfully present aliens. One provision of this statute--8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(iv) [hyperlink] (subsection (iv)--makes it a crime for any individual to 'encourage[] or induce[] an alien to come to, enter, or reside in the United States, knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that such coming to, entry, or residence is or will be in violation of the law.' The INA does not define the terms 'encourage' or 'induce,' which has led to some debate over the type of conduct encompassed by subsection (iv). [...] This Legal Sidebar discusses the recent decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit) in 'United States v. Hansen' [hyperlink], in which the court held that the criminal offense of encouraging or inducing illegal immigration under subsection (iv) violates the First Amendment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Santamaria, Kelsey Y.
2022-03-08
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Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "This report lists and describes actions taken by the Senate, the Senate Judiciary Committee, and the President on all Supreme Court nominations, from 1789 to 2020. The listing appears in a Supreme Court nominations table, 'Table 1,' later in this report. Preceding the table is summary text, which highlights certain nominations statistics derived from the table. The text also provides historical background information on the Supreme Court appointment process and uses nominations statistics from the table to shed light on ways in which the appointment process has evolved over time. Many of the statistical findings discussed, for example, provide historical perspective on the emergence, and then increased involvement, of the Senate Judiciary Committee in the appointment process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McMillion, Barry J.
2022-03-08
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Supreme Court Appointment Process: President's Selection of a Nominee [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Summary: "The appointment of a Supreme Court Justice is an event of major significance in American politics. Each appointment is of consequence because of the enormous judicial power the Supreme Court exercises as the highest appellate court in the federal judiciary. Appointments are usually infrequent, as a vacancy on the nine-member Court may occur only once or twice, or never at all, during a particular President's years in office. Under the Constitution, Justices on the Supreme Court receive what can amount to lifetime appointments which, by constitutional design, helps ensure the Court's independence from the President and Congress. The procedure for appointing a Justice is provided for by the Constitution in only a few words. The 'Appointments Clause' (Article II, Section 2, clause 2) states that the President 'shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court.' The process of appointing Justices has undergone changes over two centuries, but its most basic feature--the sharing of power between the President and Senate--has remained unchanged: To receive appointment to the Court, a candidate must first be nominated by the President and then confirmed by the Senate. [...] On February 28, 2022, President Biden formally nominated Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to fill the anticipated vacancy created by Justice Breyer's announced retirement. The information presented in this report is current through the confirmation of Justice Amy Coney Barrett in 2020."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McMillion, Barry J.
2022-03-08
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China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Summary: "In an era of renewed great power competition, China's military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China's navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for more than 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China's near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China's navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy's ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific--the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. China's navy forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. Some U.S. observers are expressing concern or alarm regarding the pace of China's naval shipbuilding effort and resulting trend lines regarding the relative sizes and capabilities of China's navy and the U.S. Navy. China's naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of ship, aircraft, and weapon acquisition programs, as well as improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises. China's navy has currently has certain limitations and weaknesses, and is working to overcome them."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-03-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5706, Stop Sexual Assault and Harassment in Transportation Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on October 27, 2021. From the Bill Summary: "H.R. 5706 would require transportation carriers to create policies for reporting and combating sexual assault and sexual harassment that occurs on vehicles they operate, including procedures for reporting incidents, procedures for employees after such reports are filed, training for personnel who may receive such reports, and procedures for prohibiting future travel by passengers who cause such an incident. Covered carriers would include air carriers, certain motor carriers, commuter and intercity rail entities, transit entities, passenger vessels, transportation network companies, and for-hire vehicle companies. The bill would require the Department of Transportation (DOT) to collect, maintain, and make information available to the public on the number of sexual assaults and harassment incidents that occur on vehicles operated by transportation carriers and the number of such incidents that are reported to law enforcement. The data published would exclude any personally identifiable information. H.R. 5706 also would establish new and increase existing civil fines for physically or sexually assaulting or threatening to assault an employee working for a service that transports passengers."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-03-07
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Viral Injustice
From the Introduction: "The coronavirus-19 pandemic (COVID-19) wrecked, at least for a time, virtually every feature of American life. Everyone bears some pandemic burden, but the public health costs are distributed in ways that reflect and amplify existing inequalities. During the pandemic, the communities that lost institutional contests for health-protective resources were already structurally disadvantaged. There was, however, one American community whose experience of neglect and harm was almost singular: people in government custody."
University of California, Berkeley. School of Law
Garrett, Brandon; Kovarsky, Lee
2022-03-07?
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United Nations Security Council and General Assembly Responses to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine [March 7, 2022]
From the Document: "Responding to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the U.N. Security Council [hyperlink] and General Assembly [hyperlink] have met on several occasions to discuss possible action to address the conflict's threat to international peace and security. In the process, these organs have used procedures unused in the United Nations for 40 years. Congress may consider examining the effect of these actions on U.S. obligations and those of U.N. Member States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blanchfield, Luisa; Weed, Matthew C.
2022-03-07
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S&T Needs to Improve Its Management and Oversight of R&D Projects
From the Document: "S&T [Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate] aims to deliver timely, innovative technology solutions to bolster DHS mission operations. To do this, S&T works with DHS and its components to identify capability gaps in DHS operations and to research and develop technologies to address those gaps. We conducted this audit to determine whether S&T executes R&D [research and development] projects in accordance with Federal and DHS guidelines, policies, and procedures. [...] We made five recommendations to S&T to improve the execution of R&D projects."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
Harsche, Richard; Christopher, Peter; Chavez, Rolando . . .
2022-03-07
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Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Issues and Aspects [Updated March 7, 2022]
From the Document: "On February 21, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced [hyperlink] that Russia would recognize the independence [hyperlink] of two Russia-controlled areas in eastern Ukraine (the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics [hyperlink], or DNR/LNR). Russian recognition appeared to include the entire regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, most of which had remained under Ukrainian control since Russia's first invasion of Ukraine in 2014. Shortly after February 21, Putin announced Russia would send 'peacekeepers [hyperlink]' into the DNR/LNR to defend against fabricated Russian charges [hyperlink] of Ukrainian plans [hyperlink] for invasion and sabotage attempts [hyperlink]. Despite denials from Russian officials, Russia had spent months amassing a significant portion [hyperlink] of its military capabilities [hyperlink] around Ukraine. The attack began after Russia had mobilized [hyperlink] between 150,000 and 190,000 [hyperlink] personnel on the Ukrainian border, in Belarus, and in Ukraine's occupied Crimea region, according to U.S. government estimates [hyperlink]. Russia's invasion follows months of warning and concern [hyperlink] from the Biden Administration [hyperlink], European allies, NATO, and some Members of Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bowen, Andrew S.
2022-03-07
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Truck Driver Shortage: Implications for the Postal Service
From the Executive Summary: "In 2021, the U.S. economy experienced strained supply chains and labor shortages that were a painful reality for consumers and businesses alike. One factor in these supply-chain challenges was a shortage of truck drivers. The trucking industry has reported a shortage for decades. [...] The U.S. Postal Service Office of Inspector General (OIG) conducted research to assess how the truck driver shortage impacts the Postal Service. We also sought to identify best practices that may help the Postal Service further mitigate challenges posed by the driver shortage. In addition to reviewing Postal Service policies and data, the OIG interviewed subject matter experts (SMEs), including academics, associations, trucking companies (carriers), and shippers, to understand how the industry more broadly is working to mitigate the shortage."
United States Postal Service. Office of Inspector General
2022-03-07
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International Monetary Fund [Updated March 7, 2022]
From the Document: "The International Monetary Fund (IMF, the Fund), founded in 1945, is an international organization that works to ensure the stability of the international monetary system. The United States is a founding member of the IMF and the largest financial contributor. Congress helps shape the U.S. participation in the IMF through oversight, appropriations, and other legislation. Key issues for Congress include IMF support for Ukraine, possible IMF sanctions on Russia, China's role at the IMF, and COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] response efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weiss, Martin A.
2022-03-07
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Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons [Updated March 7, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides basic information about U.S. and Russian nonstrategic nuclear weapons. It begins with a brief discussion of how these weapons have appeared in public debates in the past few decades, then summarizes the differences between strategic and nonstrategic nuclear weapons. It then provides some historical background, describing the numbers and types of nonstrategic nuclear weapons deployed by both nations during the Cold War and in the past decade; the policies that guided the deployment and prospective use of these weapons; measures that the two sides have taken to reduce and contain their forces, and the 2018 NPR's [Nuclear Posture Review] recommendation for the deployment of new U.S. nonstrategic nuclear weapons. The report reviews the issues that have been raised with regard to U.S. and Russian nonstrategic nuclear weapons, and summarizes a number of policy options that might be explored by Congress, the United States, Russia, and other nations to address these issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2022-03-07
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U.S.-Taiwan Trade Relations [Updated March 7, 2022]
From the Document: "Taiwan is a top U.S. trade partner and a key link in global technology and manufacturing supply chains, supporting both the U.S. and China markets. Taiwan's economy is highly dependent on global trade, with exports accounting for almost 70% of gross domestic product (GDP). Taiwan faces economic challenges, such as labor mismatches and energy and water shortages, and is seeking to generate growth in emerging technologies (e.g., biotechnology) and semiconductor research, design, and fabrication. Taiwan is seeking to reduce its economic dependence on the People's Republic of China (PRC or China), including through trade diversification and on-shoring of some production. Central to these efforts are actions by both the U.S. and Taiwan governments to deepen trade, investment, and technology ties."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sutter, Karen M.
2022-03-07
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Army Corps of Engineers: Environmental Infrastructure (EI) Assistance [Updated March 7, 2022]
From the Document: "Congress typically authorizes U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) activities in omnibus authorization laws, often titled Water Resources Development Acts (WRDAs). Since WRDA 1992 (P.L. 102-580), Congress has authorized and funded USACE assistance with design and construction of infrastructure in specified municipalities, counties, and states. This assistance supports publicly owned and operated facilities, such as water distribution works, stormwater collection, surface water protection projects, and environmental restoration, among others. This USACE assistance is broadly labeled 'environmental infrastructure' (EI)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2022-03-07
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New U.S. Marine Corps Force Design Initiative: Force Design 2030 [Updated March 7, 2022]
From the Document: "On March 23, 2020, the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) announced [hyperlink] a major force design initiative planned to occur over the next 10 years referred to as 'Force Design 2030.' In this initiative, the Marine Corps aims to redesign the force for naval expeditionary warfare and to better align itself with the National Defense Strategy, in particular, its focus on strategically competing with China and Russia. These force design initiatives are informed by two operational concepts: Littoral Operations in a Contested Environment [hyperlink] and Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO) [hyperlink]. In support of these concepts, the Marines intend to eliminate or reduce certain types of units and eliminate some military occupational specialties (MOS). The Marines also plan to reorganize higher echelon Marine formations and get smaller--reducing forces by 12,000 personnel by 2030."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2022-03-07
