Advanced search Help
Clear all search criteria
Only 2/3! You are seeing results from the Public Collection, not the complete Full Collection. Sign in to search everything (see eligibility).
-
U.S. Employment-Based Immigration Policy [Updated July 21, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report begins by explaining the permanent employment-based immigration system, its numerical limits, and its processes. It next describes key employment-based immigration trends, including a brief review of relevant economic and demographic trends. The report then discusses several categories of nonimmigrant (temporary) workers that are intertwined with the permanent immigration system. It continues with a review of policy proposals for revising employment-based immigration, including the key findings of a 1997 congressional commission on immigration reform. The report then discusses key elements of prominent immigration reform bills introduced since 2000 that pertain to employment-based immigration. It ends with concluding observations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kandel, William; Wilson, Jill, 1974-; Donovan, Sarah A.
2022-07-21
-
Federal Crop Insurance Program Support for Natural Disasters [Updated July 21, 2022]
From the Document: "Natural disasters--events such as severe droughts, floods, and storms--can cause crop and animal production losses as well as other physical and financial losses for farm operations. The Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP) offers farmers the opportunity to purchase insurance against financial losses caused by certain adverse growing and market conditions. By insuring against adverse growing conditions, FCIP policies may also indemnify farmers for financial losses caused by certain natural disaster events. The extent to which the FCIP indemnifies farmers for losses related to natural disasters depends on the type of disaster, the type of FCIP policy purchased, and the level of coverage selected by the producer."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosch, Stephanie
2022-07-21
-
Audit of Sole-Source Depot Maintenance Contracts [redacted]
From the Objective: "The objective of this audit was to determine whether the Military Services and Defense agencies negotiated fair and reasonable prices for sole-source depot maintenance contracts performed at contractor facilities. This audit was in response to a reporting requirement included in House Report 116-333, the conference report to accompany Public Law 116-92, the 'National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020,' December 20, 2019. The conference report required the DoD Office of Inspector General to audit each Military Service and Defense agency to determine whether there had been any excess cost escalation for sole-source depot maintenance contracts."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
2022-07-21
-
H. Rept. 117-424: Flexibility in Addressing Rural Homelessness Act of 2022, Report to Accompany H.R. 7196, July 20, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "On March, 24, 2022, Representative Axne introduced H.R. 7196, the ''Flexibility in Addressing Rural Homelessness Act,'' which would allow homeless service providers in rural communities to use funds from HUD's [United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's] Continuum of Care program for additional activities to increase their capacity and address the unique challenges they face when serving people experiencing homelessness."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-20
-
H. Rept. 117-423: To Provide for Certain Whistleblower Incentives and Protections, Report to Accompany H.R. 7195, July 20, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "On March 24, 2022, Representative Adams introduced H.R. 7195, 'To provide for certain whistleblower incentives and protections,' which would modify the structure and function of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network's (FinCEN's) recently mandated whistleblower program, ensuring that individuals who provide information that leads to successful enforcement are able to receive awards, as intended by the AntiMoney Laundering Act of 2020 (AMLA)."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-20
-
S. Rept. 117-132: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Report Together with Additional Views, to Accompany S. 4503, July 20, 2022
From the Document: "The Select Committee on Intelligence, having considered an original bill (S. 4503) to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2023 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Intelligence Community Management Account, the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes, reports favorably thereon and recommends that the bill do pass."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-20
-
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7734, Timely Delivery of Bank Secrecy Act Reports Act
From the Document: "H.R. 7734 would require the Department of Treasury to fulfill Congressional requests for suspicious activity reports under the Bank Secrecy Act within 30 days of the request. Also, the bill would allow Congressional committees and subcommittees to subpoena financial institutions for the reports and for the information on which the reports are based. Information from the Treasury indicates that the department does not currently provide these reports directly to Congressional staff within the 30-day period specified in the bill. Using the costs of similar reporting requirements, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the costs to carry out the requirements in the bill would not be significant; any such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-20
-
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) [July 20, 2022]
From the Summary: "Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have become popular as unique and non-interchangeable units of data that signify ownership of associated digital items, such as images, music, or videos. Token 'ownership' is recorded and tracked on a blockchain (a digital database that records data on a decentralized network of computers without the use of a central authority). In the future, supporters believe NFTs will be used as digital representations of physical items, such as a deed to a house or title to a car. NFTs are commonly used to record and represent ownership of an item, verify authenticity, and enable exchange. However, they do not necessarily reflect the legal ownership of an asset or grant copyright to a digital or physical item. NFT owners purchase only the right to the NFT's blockchain metadata or 'token,' not the underlying asset, unless otherwise specified in external contracts or terms and conditions. NFTs share many similarities with cryptocurrencies, and they are commonly bought and traded using cryptocurrency. Both NFTs and cryptocurrencies are built and tracked on blockchains, and they share much of the same customer and community base. However, cryptocurrencies are fungible, meaning interchangeable, whereas NFTs are unique and therefore nonfungible. Most users create and buy NFTs on dedicated NFT marketplaces. For a typical NFT, it is created or 'minted' on a blockchain, auctioned off or sold at a fixed price on an NFT marketplace, and 'stored' in the buyer's digital wallet. Smart contracts (self-executing contracts or lines of computer code on a blockchain) can mint NFTs or transfer them from one owner to another. In combination, blockchains and smart contracts are the backbone of the NFT ecosystem."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Busch, Kristen E.
2022-07-20
-
Mental Health Funding in the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act [July 20, 2022]
From the Document: "On June 25, 2022, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA; P.L. 117-159) was signed into law. In addition to provisions addressing firearms, education, and Medicaid, the act included appropriations for several existing mental health-related grant programs. Division B, Title II of the act appropriated $800 million to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)--the federal agency primarily responsible for supporting community or school-based mental health treatment and prevention services. SAMHSA provides funding to states, local communities, and service providers through block grants and other formula and competitive grants. For more information on SAMHSA, see CRS Report R46426, 'Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Overview of the Agency and Major Programs' [hyperlink]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Duff, Johnathan H.
2022-07-20
-
Shinzo Abe's Assassination and the Impact on U.S.-Japan Relations [July 20, 2022]
From the Document: "On July 8, 2022, a gunman assassinated former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, arguably Japan's most powerful politician, jolting Japan just days before parliamentary elections. Abe, the longest serving prime minister in postwar Japan, was campaigning in the central Japanese city of Nara when he was shot with a home-made gun; he died shortly thereafter. The assassin, a 41-year old man, reportedly targeted Abe because of the former leader's support of a religious group that he claimed bankrupted his mother. The shooting stunned Japan, where gun violence is rare and restrictions on gun ownership are among the strictest in the world. From 2017 to 2021, Japan recorded 60 shootings and 14 total shooting deaths. Abe, 67, was poised to play a lasting role in Japanese politics as an elder statesman. As premier from 2012 through 2020 (in addition to a year-long term in 2006- 2007), he accelerated Japan's trend toward developing a more capable and flexible military force, passing major security legislation advancing these goals and centralizing Japan's national security bureaucracy. Abe also prioritized several domestic economic reforms and pursued generally expansionary economic policies as well as closer trade and economic ties with the United States. After resigning in 2020, he remained politically active, pushing for Japan to increase its defense spending, acquire more advanced military capabilities, and take a more assertive stance toward China, especially its threats to Taiwan--all moves widely supported by the U.S. government."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Manyin, Mark E.
2022-07-20
-
High Court Limits Ability of Aliens Ordered Removed to Challenge Prolonged Detention [July 20, 2022]
From the Document: "Non-U.S. nationals ('aliens', as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [hyperlink] [INA]) ordered removed may be detained pending efforts to effectuate their transfer to a foreign country. In its 2001 decision in 'Zadvydas v. Davis' [hyperlink], the Supreme Court held that the indefinite detention of aliens awaiting removal would raise 'serious constitutional concerns.' The Court thus construed the statute [hyperlink] authorizing their detention as having an implicit temporal limitation of six months, after which an alien should generally be released absent a significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future. Recently, in 'Johnson v. Arteaga-Martinez' [hyperlink], the Court considered whether the statute should also be construed as requiring bond hearings for detained aliens. In a nearly unanimous opinion, the Court held that the statute does not require bond hearings for aliens ordered removed after six months of detention, or require the government to prove that any continued detention is warranted. In a related case, 'Garland v. Gonzalez' [hyperlink], the Court held that a separate statute [hyperlink] prohibited lower courts from issuing class-wide injunctions [hyperlink] requiring the government to provide bond hearings for detained aliens who have been ordered removed. This Legal Sidebar examines the Court's rulings in 'Arteaga-Martinez and Gonzalez'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2022-07-20
-
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 6552, Frederick Douglass Trafficking Victims Prevention and Protection Reauthorization Act of 2022
From the Bill Summary: "H.R. 6552 would reauthorize several programs that prevent trafficking in persons, which are managed by the Departments of Justice (DOJ), Health and Human Services (HHS), Homeland Security (DHS), and State, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. The bill would authorize the appropriation of $1.1 billion over the 2022-2026 period for those purposes. In addition, the bill would require the General Services Administration (GSA) to implement a new contractual preference for hotels and motels with a policy of zero-tolerance for human trafficking. In total, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the bill would cost $553 million over the 2022-2027 period. Such spending would be subject to appropriation of the specified and estimated amounts. The costs of the legislation [...] fall within budget functions 150 (international affairs), 500 (education, training, employment, and social services), 750 (administration of justice) and 800 (general government)."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-20
-
Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview [Updated July 20, 2022]
From the Document: "Since the early 1960s, when the United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba, the centerpiece of U.S. policy toward Cuba has consisted of economic sanctions aimed at isolating the Cuban government. The Obama Administration initiated a policy shift away from sanctions and toward engagement and the normalization of relations. Changes included the rescission of Cuba's designation as a state sponsor of international terrorism (May 2015); the restoration of diplomatic relations (July 2015); and eased restrictions on travel, remittances, trade, telecommunications, and banking and financial services (2015-2016). In contrast, the Trump Administration introduced new sanctions in 2017, including restrictions on transactions with companies controlled by the Cuban military. By 2019, the Trump Administration had largely abandoned engagement and significantly increased sanctions, particularly on travel and remittances. In its initial months, the Biden Administration announced it was conducting a review of policy toward Cuba, with human rights a core pillar, and would review policy decisions made by the prior Administration. In the aftermath of the Cuban government's harsh response to the July 11 protests, the Biden Administration criticized Cuba's repression and imposed targeted sanctions on those involved. In July and August 2021, the Treasury Department imposed four rounds of financial sanctions on three Cuban security entities and eight officials. Between November 2021 and July 2022, the State Department announced four rounds of visa restrictions against 50 individuals involved in repressing protesters."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2022-07-20
-
H. Rept. 117-426: Public and Federally Assisted Housing Fire Safety Act of 2022, Report to Accompany H.R. 7981, July 20, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "On June 8, 2022, Representative [Madeleine] Dean introduced H.R. 7981, the 'Public and Federally Assisted Housing Fire Safety Act of 2022', which would require the installation of either tamper resistant or hardwired smoke alarms in federally assisted housing."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-20
-
Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated July 20, 2022]
From the Summary: "The United States has actively pursued the development of hypersonic weapons--maneuvering weapons that fly at speeds of at least Mach 5--as a part of its conventional prompt global strike program since the early 2000s. In recent years, the United States has focused such efforts on developing hypersonic glide vehicles, which are launched from a rocket before gliding to a target, and hypersonic cruise missiles, which are powered by high-speed, air-breathing engines during flight. As former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and former Commander of U.S. Strategic Command General John Hyten has stated, these weapons could enable 'responsive, long-range, strike options against distant, defended, and/or time-critical threats [such as road-mobile missiles] when other forces are unavailable, denied access, or not preferred.' Critics, on the other hand, contend that hypersonic weapons lack defined mission requirements, contribute little to U.S. military capability, and are unnecessary for deterrence. Funding for hypersonic weapons has been relatively restrained in the past; however, both the Pentagon and Congress have shown a growing interest in pursuing the development and near-term deployment of hypersonic systems. This is due, in part, to the advances in these technologies in Russia and China, both of which have a number of hypersonic weapons programs and have likely fielded operational hypersonic glide vehicles--potentially armed with nuclear warheads. Most U.S. hypersonic weapons, in contrast to those in Russia and China, are not being designed for use with a nuclear warhead. As a result, U.S. hypersonic weapons will likely require greater accuracy and will be more technically challenging to develop than nuclear-armed Chinese and Russian systems."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.
2022-07-20
-
MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 19, 2022: 'Vital Signs': Drug Overdose Deaths, by Selected Sociodemographic and Social Determinants of Health Characteristics -- 25 States and the District of Columbia, 2019-2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "'Vital Signs': Drug Overdose Deaths, by Selected Sociodemographic and Social Determinants of Health Characteristics -- 25 States and the District of Columbia, 2019-2020." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-07-19
-
Executive Order 14078: Bolstering Efforts to Bring Hostages and Wrongfully Detained United States Nationals Home
From the Document: "The United States Government must redouble its efforts at home and with partners abroad to deter these practices and to secure the release of those held as hostages or wrongfully detained. Processes established under Executive Order 13698 of June 24, 2015 (Hostage Recovery Activities) and Presidential Policy Directive 30 of June 24, 2015 (U.S. Nationals Taken Hostage Abroad and Personnel Recovery Efforts) (PPD-30) have facilitated close interagency coordination on efforts to secure the safe release of United States nationals taken hostage abroad, including engagement with the families of hostages and support of diplomatic engagement with partners abroad. This order reinforces the roles, responsibilities, and commitments contained in those directives and seeks to ensure that--as with hostage recovery activities--interagency coordination, family engagement, and diplomatic tools are enshrined in United States Government efforts to secure the safe release and return of United States nationals wrongfully detained by foreign state actors. This order also reinforces tools to deter and to impose tangible consequences on those responsible for, or complicit in, hostage-taking or the wrongful detention of a United States national abroad."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
2022-07-19
-
Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction: DHS Office Has Opportunities to Improve Partner Services and Employee Morale, Statement of Tina Won Sherman, Director, Homeland Security and Justice, and Allison B. Bawden, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, Testimony Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
From the Document: "We are pleased to be here today to discuss our April 2022 report on the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office (CWMD). Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons--collectively known as weapons of mass destruction-- have the potential to kill thousands of people in a single incident. A federal statute established CWMD in December 2018 to plan for, detect, deter, respond to, and defend against the threats of such weapons. In carrying out this mission, CWMD coordinates with partners at the federal, state, and local levels and provides them with technology, training, and information. CWMD's partners include DHS components, such as U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the Coast Guard; other federal agencies, such as the Department of Defense, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration; and first responders and public health officials. Our testimony today will summarize the key findings from our April 2022 report. Specifically, we will discuss CWMD's efforts and ongoing challenges in two key areas: (1) serving its federal, state, and local partners and (2) improving morale within CWMD."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Sherman, Tina Won; Bawden, Allison
2022-07-19
-
Healthy Eating: Government-Wide Solutions for Promoting Healthy Diets, Food Safety, and Food Security
From the Highlights: "Each year, millions of people in the U.S. die from diet-related chronic health conditions, get sick from foodborne illnesses, or go hungry. We have recommended a government-wide approach to addressing these widespread and often preventable food-related challenges."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07-19
-
Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program: Frequently Asked Questions [Updated July 19, 2022]
From the Document: "On March 12, 2020, the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (P.L. 116-124 [hyperlink]) (Secure Networks Act) became law. The act addresses congressional concerns [hyperlink] with telecommunications equipment that may pose a national security threat to the United States. Section 2 requires the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to create a list of 'covered' telecommunications equipment posing such a threat. Section 4 requires the FCC to create the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Reimbursement Program [hyperlink] (Reimbursement Program) for providers to replace covered equipment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gallagher, Jill C.
2022-07-19
-
Fertility Fraud: Federal Criminal Law Issues [July 19, 2022]
From the Document: "Recent media attention has focused on medical fertility specialists who have misrepresented the provenance of biological material--for example, inseminating patients with the specialists' own sperm. Often called 'fertility fraud,' this conduct is specifically covered by a number of state criminal laws. 'E.g.', Ark. Code Ann. § 5-13-212 ('Fertility treatment abuse'); Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.011(b)(12)('Sexual Assault'). At the federal level, no statute expressly criminalizes fertility fraud, but federal prosecutors have successfully used generally applicable federal criminal statutes to charge individuals for engaging in conduct connected with fertility fraud schemes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Berris, Peter G.
2022-07-19
-
S. Rept. 117-131: Federal Cybersecurity Workforce Expansion Act, Report to Accompany S. 2274, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, July 18, 2022
From the Purpose and Summary: "S. 2274, the Federal Cybersecurity Workforce Expansion Act, augments cybersecurity workforce development pathways by adding two new pilot programs. The bill establishes a five-year cybersecurity registered apprenticeship pilot program within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The bill also directs the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, to establish a pilot program to provide cybersecurity training at no cost to veterans and military spouses."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2022-07-18
-
President Forms Emergency Board to Resolve Rail Labor Dispute [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "Effective July 18, 2022, President Biden created a three-person Emergency Board [hyperlink] to resolve a labor dispute affecting six major railroads and many smaller ones. All three members are attorneys who have served on prior Emergency Boards. Depending on what actions the board and Congress take, and the ongoing bargaining between railroads and 12 unions, the dispute could still lead to a work stoppage later this summer. Negotiations have occurred against a backdrop of declining railroad employment, a trend that began well in advance of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since November 2018, railroad employment has shrunk by some 40,000 jobs, or by over 20%, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics [hyperlink]. Some of these job losses can be attributed to the decline in the transportation of coal, while others may have been due to new approaches to staffing and asset use within the rail industry."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Goldman, Ben
2022-07-18
-
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2992, TBI and PTSD Law Enforcement Training Act
From the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate: "H.R. 2992 would direct the Department of Justice (DOJ) to develop crisis intervention training tools for use by first responders who interact with persons suffering from traumatic brain injuries [TBIs] and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]. The act also would require the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to study and report about the prevalence and incidence of concussions among first responders. The act would authorize the appropriation of $54 million annually over the 2023-2027 period for a grant program administered by DOJ that funds treatment services for mentally ill adults and juveniles. Grants are awarded to local law enforcement and mental health agencies. In addition, H.R. 2992 would authorize funds to be used by DOJ to develop mental health training tools for use by local agencies and first responders. In fiscal year 2022, the Congress appropriated $40 million for the program. Using information provided by the agency and data about historical spending patterns for the program, CBO estimates the act would cost $203 million over the 2023-2027 period, and $67 million after 2027, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-18
-
Army Corps of Engineers: Continuing Authorities Programs [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resource development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. The standard process for a USACE project requires two separate congressional authorizations--one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction--as well as appropriations for both (see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R45185, 'Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes'). Additionally, Congress has granted USACE programmatic authorities to undertake cost-shared projects of limited scope and cost without requiring project-specific congressional authorization. These programmatic USACE authorities are referred to as Continuing Authorities Programs (CAPs). Congress has consistently funded USACE CAPs above the President's request since FY2013."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Normand, Anna E.
2022-07-18
-
Benefits for Service-Disabled Veterans [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers programs and provides benefits to qualified former U.S. servicemembers with service-connected disabilities (i.e., service-disabled veterans). These benefits can compensate a veteran for an injury or provide assistance to enable a veteran to have a higher quality of life. To qualify for benefits discussed in this report, a veteran must have a physical or mental condition that was 'incurred or aggravated' in the line of military duty that resulted in a disability. Service-connected disabilities are rated on a scale from 0% to 100%, in 10% increments, using a VA Schedule for Rating Disabilities (VASRD). Disability ratings are used to determine eligibility for various types of benefits and the amount of disability compensation benefits a veteran can receive. This report describes major VA benefit programs that are limited to veterans with service-connected disabilities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salazar, Heather M.; Perl, Libby; Collins, Benjamin
2022-07-18
-
Citizenship and Immigration Statuses of the U.S. Foreign-Born Population [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The U.S. foreign-born population consists of individuals living in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. In 2020--the most recent data from the American Community Survey (ACS)--an estimated 44.1 million foreign-born people resided in the United States, representing 13.5% of the total U.S. population. The ACS is a U.S. Census Bureau survey conducted each month with a sample of households in 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The proportion of foreign-born individuals among the total U.S. population has changed over time. The percentage of foreign-born persons in 1920 (13.2%) was similar to current levels. It then declined over the next five decades, reaching a low of 4.7% in 1970. Over the last five decades, the proportion has increased [...]."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly
2022-07-18
-
Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Roles, Missions, and Future Concepts [July 18, 2022]
From the Summary: "Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have gained increased prominence in U.S. military operations. The Department of Defense (DOD) is currently developing advanced UAS, along with optionally crewed aircraft, as part of its modernization strategy. The roles and missions of UAS are relevant to Congress in authorizing, appropriating, and providing oversight to DOD and the military services for these systems. Over the past decades, military forces have used UAS to perform various tasks, including [1] intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; [2] close air support; [3] cargo and resupply; and [4] communications relay."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.; DeVine, Michael E.; Sayler, Kelley M.
2022-07-18
-
DHS and CBP Should Improve Intellectual Property Rights Management and Enforcement (REDACTED)
From the Highlights: "In 2016, Congress designated seven high-risk priority trade issues, one of which is IPR [intellectual property rights]. Priority trade issues represent high-risk areas that may cause significant revenue loss, harm the U.S. economy, or threaten the health and safety of the American people. Our audit focused on the extent to which DHS and CBP [U.S. Customs and Border Protection] manage and enforce the priority trade issue related to IPR."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2022-07-18
-
PFAS and Drinking Water: Selected EPA and Congressional Actions [Updated July 18, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides an overview of EPA's [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency] actions to address PFAS [per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances] under SDWA [Safe Drinking Water Act] authorities, with particular focus on the statutory process for evaluating and regulating two PFAS--PFOA [perfluorooctanoic acid] and PFOS [perfluorooctane sulfonate]--in drinking water. This report does not address the status of scientific research on health effects that may be associated with exposure to one or more PFAS, nor does it discuss federal actions regarding other environmental statutes, such as the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humphreys, Elena H.
2022-07-18
